Iyo Linux kernel ine zvinhu izvo zvisiri "zvemahara" ...

Chinyorwa chinonakidza kwazvo chakatanga kuburitswa muChirungu pa Libresoft.es uye rakashandurwa muchiSpanish ne Quique Kurume iyo inotsanangura zvakadzama kushoropodzwa kwaRichard Stallman uye iyo FSF nezve kuunzwa kwezvinhu "zvisina-mahara" kuLinux kernel, ndosaka FSF iine chirongwa chinonzi LinuxFree, iyo inochengetedza zvinyorwa zvakavandudzwa zveLinux Kernel asi isina izvi "zveupfumi" zvinhu, kuti zvive nyore kugadzira 100% yemahara Linux distros.

Iyo sisitimu yekushandisa yaungangoda kushandisa inonzi "GNU / Linux", Uye inoumbwa nekernel inonzi"Linux"- Ndiani chipfuwo penguin- uye chakatenderedza maturusi anonzi"GNU"(Inodanwa kuti" nyati ", senge African antelope). Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa, vakapakata zvombo "migove"Iboka ripi rakabatanidza zvirongwa zvakasiyana, asi tsanga - kunze kwekunge rakaburitswa mushanduro, semapurogiramu ese - rinoramba rakafanana mune ese, nechakakosha kunze kwekuti zvimwe zvikamu zvine Linux yemahara, uye zvimwe neLinux ine"bubbles”Ye software inobata (nekuti inonyima mushandisi we rusununguko runokosha rwune). Debian ndechimwe chekuparadzirwa kukuru, uko kwakatorwa mamwe akawanda, kusanganisira anonyanya kushandiswa: Ubuntu. Handizvo migove yemahara. Chinyorwa chekutanga chine gore, asi vashandisi vazhinji vari kungoita kudya kwemangwanani ...

Mazuva apfuura, ndakave nemukana wekupinda hurukuro naRichard M. Stallman, nezve izvo zvakakosha zve software yemahara (hongu, yakajairwa hurukuro yaStallman). Pakati penyaya dzese dzaakakurukura, akataura nezve Linux isiri software yemahara. Akataura kuti mukati mekodhi kodhi inoparadzirwa neLinux unogona kuwana isiri yemahara software. Pakutanga, ndaifunga kuti ari kuwedzeredza, uye ini handina kumubvunza nezvazvo.

Asi chirevo ichi chakasimbiswa nepepanhau reSpanish, uye chakataurwa pane saiti senge barradot.com. Mhedzisiro yehurukuro iyi yaive yekuti, senguva dzose, vatori venhau havana zano nezve mahara software, yakavhurwa sosi kodhi uye zvese izvo.

Ndakafunga kuferefeta kuti ndione kuti Stallman anga achitaura chokwadi here. Ndakaona kuti pane Linux kernel sosi kodhi pasuru yakaparadzirwa neFree Software Foundation, inonzi LinuxFree. Kutaura chokwadi, pane rondedzero yemazhinji distros anogovera iyo (inonzi) shanduro isiri yemahara yeLinux. Zvinotoshamisa kuti iwe uchawana Debian GNU / Linux pakati pavo. Ini ndinotaura zvinoshamisa nekuti Debian anozivikanwa kuve akaomarara zvakanyanya kana zvasvika kune yemahara software. Kana chidimbu che software chisingasangane neDebian Yemahara Software Mirayiridzo, haina kubatanidzwa mukuparadzira.

Vanouya sei vari kugovera isiri-yemahara software?

Kudzokera kuLinuxFree, ivo vanogovanisa zvinyorwa izvo zvinoshandiswa kubvisa izvo zvisina-zvemahara zvikamu zveDebian Linux kernel sosi kodhi (kumusoro kwerwizi). Yeyazvino vhezheni yandakatarisa (2.6.28), script inobvisa kana kugadzirisa 28 sosi kodhi kodhi mafaera. Heino runyorwa ruzere rwemafaira anofungidzirwa, iine chinongedzo kukodhi yekodhi muLinux Git repository:

• vatyairi / char / ser_a2232fw.h
• driver / char / ser_a2232fw.ax
• vatyairi / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_rx.ucode
• vatyairi / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_rx.uc
• vatyairi / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_tx.ucode
• vatyairi / net / wan / wachaf.w.inc_shipped
• vatyairi / net / wan / wanxlfw.S
• vatyairi / net / wireless / atmel.c
• vatyairi / scsi / 53c700_d.h_shipped
• vatyairi / scsi / 53c700.scr
• vatyairi / scsi / aic7xxx / aic79xx_seq.h_shipped
• vatyairi / scsi / aic7xxx / aic79xx.seq
• vatyairi / scsi / aic7xxx / aic7xxx_seq.h_shipped
• vatyairi / scsi / aic7xxx / aic7xxx.seq
• vatyairi / scsi / aic7xxx_old / aic7xxx_seq.c
• vatyairi / scsi / aic7xxx_old / aic7xxx.seq
• vatyairi / scsi / 53c7xx_d.h_shipped
• vatyairi / scsi / 53c7xx.scr
• vatyairi / scsi / sym53c8xx_2 / sym_fw1.h
• vatyairi / scsi / sym53c8xx_2 / sym_fw2.h
• firmware / dsp56k / bootstrap.bin.ihex
• firmware / dsp56k / bootstrap.asm
• firmware / keyspan_pda / keyspan_pda.HEX
• firmware / keyspan_pda / keyspan_pda.S
• firmware / keyspan_pda / xircom_pgs.HEX
• firmware / keyspan_pda / xircom_pgs.S
• inzwi / pci / cs46xx / imgs / cwcdma.h
• inzwi / pci / cs46xx / imgs / cwcdma.asp

Ngatitorei imwe zvisina kujairika. Semuenzaniso, madhiraivha faira / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_rx.ucode. Heino tsananguro kubva kune iro faira:

.insns = (u8 []) {
                      0xf0, 0x00, 0x0c, 0xc0, 0x05,
                      0xf4, 0x44, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x05,
                      0xfc, 0x04, 0x4c, 0x00, 0x00,

(120 mitsara yakafanana)

0xe0, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                      0xe0, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                      0xe0, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                   }

Chii icho? Iyo ndiyo firmware ye network network processor, pamwe inoshandiswa mumakadhi enetiweki, kana pamwe ini ndiri kukanganisa uye ndeimwe imwe mhando yemahara. Chero zvazvingaitika, inosanganisirwa muDebian Linux kernel sosi kodhi yekuparadzira (kumusoro).

Kunyangwe yakaiswa mune yekodhi kodhi faira, icho chidimbu che software chinouya mune binary fomu. Inonzi bubble (blob). Nekuda kweizvozvo hazvigoneke kuchichinja. Mune mamwe mazwi, haisi software yemahara. Zvine ngozi zvakanyanya, hazvigoneke kuziva kana icho chidimbu che software chinoita zvazvinofanirwa kuita, kana chimwewo chinhu. Kuve network network controller, zviri pachena kuti chikamu chine njodzi chekernel.

Mamwe mafaera ane zvinhu zvakafanana.

Icho chidimbu chisina-chemahara chakabatanidzwa muDebian (uye kumwe kugovera) pasina chero munhu akacherekedza? Aiwa, yakanga isina. Kutaura chokwadi, nhaurirano yakasimba yakashanduka ikava chirongwa, icho chakagadziriswa ne vhoti yenhengo dzechirongwa.

Sarudzo yekukunda yaive yekufungidzira kuti matema anoenderana neGPL kunze kwekunge zvaratidza zvimwe.

Funny. Zviri nyore kwazvo kuratidza zvimwe. Ingoedza kunzwisisa kuti chii icho gehena icho chidimbu chinoita. Kana zvirinani izvozvi, tora, kurigadzirisa, uye uone kana richiri kushanda.

Mushure mevhoti iyi, munyori wedebian akarega basa nekuti aipomerwa kuti aikanganisa kuverengera kwevhoti (izvo zvaasina kuita).

Kana iwe ukaverenga zvese zvingasarudzwa, iwe uchaona kuti kune maviri akakosha mafonti: kuwana kuburitswa nyowani kuitira kuti vashandisi vagone kunakirwa neDebian nyowani, kana kuchenesa kugovera kweasina-emahara zvikamu. Zvinopesana kuti Debian Manifesto taura kuti “[Debian GNU / Linux] inofanirwa kugadzirwa nesangano rekuti ibudirire kufambira mberi nekudzivirira software yemahara pasina kumanikidzwa kwepundutso kana purofiti

Nekudaro, ivo vari kusundira kusunungurwa kwaLenny nekuvanza izvo zvisina-kusununguka zvikamu pasi petira.

Muchidimbu, Linux iri kugovera mabhainari-chete mafireswa, akavanzwa sosi kodhi mafaira (kana bubbles), uye Debian anozviziva, uye anoenderera mberi achivagovera zvakadaro. Ivo vanofungidzira kuti iwo mabhainari-chete mafaera haatyori iwo maDebian Mahara Software Mirayiridzo.

Tichitarisa nyaya iyi yese, Theodore Ts'o, anogadzira kernel, anodzivirira sarudzo yekutambira matema seGPL-inoenderana. Anosimudza gakava rekare pakati pe pragmatism uye fungidziro, achipokana kuti mafemu ane kodhi yebhanari chete anodiwa kuzadzisa zvido zvevashandisi, uye kuti kudzivirira Mahara Software pachezvayo kuri kuisa mazano pamusoro pevanhu.

Zviri nyore kupomera Stallman kana Debian nekuve ivo vanokoshesa zvechitendero, vanoisa mazano pamusoro pevanhu. Kunyangwe zvisiri nyore kupomera vamwe senge OpenBSD. OpenBSD inosanganisira chete yemahara software yezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza (1). Kana vasingakwanise kuverenga kodhi, havagone kuvimba nayo. OpenBSD yaramba kusanganisira chero mhando yemabhuru, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

• Matema haachagone kutsigirwa nevatengesi chero nguva.
• Bubbles haigone kutsigirwa nevagadziri.
• Bubbles haigone kugadziriswa nevagadziri.
• Matema haakwanise kuvandudzwa.
• Bubbles haigone kuongororwa.
• Mabubble akavakirwa zvivakwa, saka zvishoma kutakurika.
• Mabhonzo anowanzo kuve akawedzeredzwa.

Dai dhivi raive GPL, ingadai isina zvese izvo zvipingaidzo. Dai iyi hurukuro yehunguru yaive yechitendero mune zvakasikwa, OpenBSD ingadai isina kana dambudziko kuvasanganisa pane yako system.

Ini ndinoshamisika kuti zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuverengerwa muLinux kune iyo yekutanga yakaipa bubble uye ugovaniswa zvakanyanya nevanhu vechitatu saDebian. Zvichida munhu wese anozoerekana aziva kuti mabhuru haasi software yemahara, uye njodzi dzisiri-yemahara software (izvo zvakatonyanya kuipa kana tavhara maziso edu uye tichiramba tichifunga kuti ichiri yemahara software).

(1) Chinyorwa cheMushanduri: Pane peji rakaburitswa chinyorwa ichi, inotevera inotevera inowoneka: "Wakatadza, ini ndinoshandisa OpenBSD uye inouya neisina-yemahara binary chete mifananidzo ye firmware. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvisinei ichokwadi. " (Wakatadza. Ini ndinoshandisa OpenBSD uye inouya neisina-yemahara binary-chete firmware. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvisinei ichokwadi.)