NaTerminal: Uchishandisa mataurirwo enguva dzose

Chimwe chezvinhu zvandakagara ndichida nezve iyo Linux terminal ndizvo zvaunogona kuwana uchishandisa zvakajairwa mataurirwo. Kunyangwe isu tichida kutsvaga mameseji akaomarara kana kuitsiva nechimwe chinhu, kushandisa mataurirwo enguva dzose kunogona kurerutsa basa. Rega titange nekutanga:

Chii chiri chirevo chenguva dzose?

Chirevo chenguva dzose dzakateedzana mavara akasarudzika anotibvumidza kutsanangura chinyorwa chatinoda kuwana. Semuenzaniso, kana isu tichida kutsvaga izwi rekuti "linux" zvinokwana kuisa iro izwi muchirongwa chatiri kushandisa. Izwi iro pacharo chirevo chenguva dzose. Parizvino zvinoita kunge zvakapusa, asi ko kana tichida kutsvaga manhamba ese mune imwe faira? Kana mitsara yese inotanga nemavara makuru? Mune izvo zviitiko hauchakwanise kuisa izwi rakareruka. Mhinduro ndeye kushandisa chirevo chenguva dzose.

Kugara uchitaura vs. faira mapatani.

Tisati tapinda mune yenyaya yemataurirwo enguva dzose, ini ndoda kujekesa kusanzwisisana kwakajairika nezve zvirevo zvakajairwa. Chirevo chenguva dzose hachisi icho chatinoisa separameter mumirairo yakadai sa rm, cp, nezvimwewo kureva kune akasiyana mafaera pane hard disk. Iyo ingave iri faira pateni. Kugara uchitaura, kunyangwe zvakafanana mukuti vanoshandisa mamwe mavara akafanana, akasiyana. Iyo faira faira inopiswa ichipesana nemafaira ari pane rakaomarara dhisiki uye inodzosera iwo anonyatso kuenderana neiyo pateni, nepo chirevo chenguva dzose chakadzoserwa kupokana nechinyorwa uye chinodzosera mitsara ine iyo yakatsvaga zvinyorwa. Semuenzaniso, chirevo chenguva dzose chinoenderana nepateni *.* chingave chinhu chakadai ^.*\..*$

Mhando dzekutaura kwese.

Haasi ese mapurogiramu anoshandisa zvakafanana zvakafanana kutaura. Kwete zvakanyanya kushoma. Kune mamwe akati wandei kana mashoma emhando dzemhando dzemataurirwo akajairwa, asi kune zvirongwa zvinoshandura syntax zvishoma, zvinosanganisira avo ekuwedzera, kana kunyange kushandisa akasiyana zvachose mavara. Naizvozvo, kana iwe uchida kushandisa mataurirwo enguva dzose nehurongwa iwe hwausingazive zvakanaka, chinhu chekutanga kuita kutarisa bhuku kana zvinyorwa zvechirongwa kuti uone kuti mataurirwo enguva dzose ayo aanoziva akafanana.

Kutanga, pane maviri akakosha mhando dzekutaura kwese, izvo zviri mune POSIX standard, zvinova zvinoshandiswa neLinux zvishandiso. Iwo ndiwo akakosha uye akawedzeredzwa mataurirwo enguva dzose. Mazhinji emirairo iyo inoshanda nemitauro yakajairwa, senge grep kana sed, inokutendera iwe kushandisa aya maviri marudzi. Ini ndichataura nezvavo pazasi. Kune mamwe zvakare PERL-maitiro echinyakare mataurirwo, uyezve kune zvirongwa senge vim kana emacs anoshandisa akasiyana aya. Zvichienderana nezvatinoda kuita, zvingave zvakakodzera kushandisa imwe kana imwe.

Kuedza mataurirwo enguva dzose.

Iyo syntax yemataurirwo enguva dzose haina kukosha zvachose. Kana tichifanira kunyora chirevo chakaomarara chenguva dzose isu tichava pamberi petambo yemavara akasarudzika asingagone kunzwisiswa pakutanga, saka kuti tidzidze mashandisiro awo zvakakosha kuve nenzira yekuita bvunzo dzese dzatinoda uye tione mhedzisiro yacho zviri nyore. Ndokusaka ini ndiri kuenda zvino kuzoisa akati wandei mirairo yatinogona kuita nayo bvunzo uye kuyedza zvese zvatinoda kudzamara tave neakajairwa mataurirwo akatongwa.

Yokutanga ndiyo grep yekuraira. Uyu ndiwo murairo watinozoshandisa kazhinji kutsvaga. Iyo syntax inotevera:

grep [-E] 'REGEX' FICHERO
COMANDO | grep [-E] 'REGEX'

Ini ndinokurudzira kugara ndichiisa mataurirwo enguva dzose mune imwechete makotesheni kuitira kuti Shell isasvike kwairi. Nzira yekutanga ndeyekutsvaga kutaura kwakajairika mufaira. Yechipiri inobvumira kusefa kuburitsa kwemirairo kuburikidza neyakajairwa kutaura. Nokusingaperi, grep inoshandisa zvirevo zvekutanga. Iyo -E Sarudzo ndeyekushandisa yakawedzerwa mataurirwo enguva dzose

Imwe nzira inogona kutibatsira kuti tione mashandiro enguva dzose mashandisiro ekugonesa kushandiswa kwemuvara mune iyo grep yekuraira. Nenzira iyoyo, chikamu chemavara chinowirirana neyakajairwa matauriro atiri kushandisa anozoratidzwa. Kuti umise ruvara mune iyo grep raira, ingo ita shuwa kuti nharaunda inosiyana GREP_OPTIONS zvine kukosha --color, izvo zvinogona kuitwa nemurairo uyu:

GREP_OPTIONS=--color

Tinogona kuiisa mu .bashrc kuti igare ichiitwa kuti iitwe.

Imwe nzira yekushandisa mataurirwo enguva dzose ndeye kushandisa sed kuraira. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kutsiva zvinyorwa, asi zvinogona zvakare kushandiswa mukutsvaga. Iyo syntax yayo ingaite seiyi:

sed -n[r] '/REGEX/p' FICHERO
COMANDO | sed -n[r] '/REGEX/p'

Iyo sed yekuraira inoshandisawo echinyakare mataurirwo nekusarongeka, unogona kushandisa akawedzeredzwa mataurirwo akajairwa ne-- r sarudzo.

Mumwe murairo wandinodawo kutumidza zita ndewe awk. Uyu wekuraira unogona kushandiswa pazvinhu zvakawanda, sezvo uchibvumidza iwe kunyora zvinyorwa mumutauro wako wepurogiramu. Kana izvo zvatiri kuda kutsvaga chirevo chenguva dzose mufaira kana mukubuda kwemirairo, nzira yekuishandisa ichave iri inotevera:

awk '/REGEX/' FICHERO
COMANDO | awk '/REGEX/'

Uyu wekuraira unogara uchishandisa dzakawandisa zvirevo.

Kuti tiite bvunzo dzedu tinodawo rugwaro runoshanda semuenzaniso kutsvaga mariri. Tinogona kushandisa inotevera chinyorwa:

- Lista de páginas wiki:

ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/
Gentoo: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page
CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/

- Fechas de lanzamiento:

Arch Linux: 11-03-2002
Gentoo: 31/03/2002
CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Debian: 16/08/1993
Ubuntu: 20/10/2004

Desde Linux Rulez.

Uyu ndiwo mutsara wandichazoshandisa kune iyo mienzaniso yeiyo yese positi, saka ini ndinokurudzira kuti iwe ukope iyo mufaira kuti uve nayo kubva kune iyo terminal. Unogona kuisa zita raunoda. Ndakaidaidza kuti regex.

Kutanga chidzidzo.

Iye zvino tine zvese zvatinoda kuti titange kuyedza mataurirwo enguva dzose. Ngatiendei zvishoma nezvishoma. Ndiri kuzoisa akati wandei mienzaniso yekutsvaga nezvakajairwa zvirevo umo ini ndichatsanangura icho chimiro chega chega. Ivo havasi mienzaniso yakanaka kwazvo, asi sezvo ini ndichave neakareba kwazvo posvo, ini handidi kuomesa zvakare. Uye ini ndiri kungo kukwenya pamusoro peizvo zvinogona kuitwa nemataurirwo enguva dzose.

Chakareruka pane zvese kutsvaga izwi rakatarwa, semuenzaniso, ngatitii tinoda kutsvaga mitsara yese ine izwi rekuti "Linux". Uku ndiko kuri nyore, sezvo isu tichifanira chete kunyora:

grep 'Linux' regex

Uye isu tinogona kuona mhedzisiro:

ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux: 11-03-2002 Kubva Linux Rulez.

Iyi ndiyo mitsara mitatu ine izwi rekuti "Linux" iyo, kana tashandisa hunyengeri hwemavara, ichaonekwa yakasimbiswa. Ziva kuti inoziva izwi ratiri kutsvaga kunyangwe iri chikamu cheshoko rakareba senge "ArchLinux". Nekudaro, haina kusimudzira izwi rekuti "linux" rinowanikwa mu URL "https://wiki.archlinux.org/". Imhaka yekuti inoratidzika imomo nebara repasi "l" uye takaitsvaga nemavara makuru. Iyo grep yekuraira ine sarudzo dzeizvi, asi ini handisi kuzotaura nezvavo muchinyorwa pane zvakajairwa kutaura.

Nomuedzo wakareruka uyu tinogona kutora mhedziso yekutanga:

• Hunhu chaihwo hwakaiswa mukutaura kwese kunoenderana.

Kureva kuti ukaisa tsamba "a" inotsvaga tsamba "a". Zvinoratidzika zvine musoro, handiti? 🙂

Zvino ngatitii isu tinoda kutsvaga izwi rekuti "CentO" rinoteverwa nechero hunhu, asi hunhu chete. Kune izvi tinogona kushandisa iyo "." Hunhu, rinova iro kadhi rechikara rinoenderana nechero hunhu, asi imwe chete:

grep 'CentO.' regex

Uye mhedzisiro ndeiyi:

CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
cents: 14-05-2004 03:32:38

Zvinoreva kuti inosanganisira iyo "S" mu "CentOS" kunyangwe mune imwe kesi iri yepamusoro uye mune rimwe rakadzikira. Kana paine chero humwe hunhu hwakaonekwa munzvimbo iyoyo, zvaizozvisanganisirawo. Isu tatova nemutemo wechipiri:

• Hunhu "." inofanidza chero hunhu.

Haisisina kukosha sezvayaitaridzika, asi neizvi isu hatigone kuita zvakawanda. Ngatiendei kumberi zvishoma. Ngatifungei kuti tinoda kutsvaga mitsara inoonekwa gore ra2002 na2004. Vanotaridza senge tsvakiridzo mbiri, asi dzinogona kuitwa kamwechete seizvi:

grep '200[24]' regex

Zvinoreva kuti isu tinoda kutsvaga iyo nhamba 200 ichiteverwa na2 kana 4. Uye mhedzisiro ndeiyi:

ArchLinux: 11-03-2002
Gentoo: 31/03 /2002
CentOS: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Ubuntu: 20/10/2004

Izvo zvinotisvitsa kumutemo wechitatu:

• Mavara mazhinji akavharirwa mumabhureki anoenderana chero eanhu ari mukati mabhureki.

Mabhureki anopa kumwe kutamba. dzinogona zvakare kushandiswa kusasiya mavara. Semuenzaniso, ngatitii tinoda kutsvaga saiti panowanikwa hunhu ":", asi husingateedzerwe na "/". Iwo wekuraira ungave wakadai.

grep ':[^/]' regex

Ingori nyaya yekuisa "^" semunhu wekutanga mukati mebracket. Unogona kuisa ese mavara aunoda pazasi. Mhedzisiro yemirairo yekupedzisira inotevera:

ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/
Gentoo: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page
CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/
Arch Linux: 11-03-2002 Gentoo: 31/03/2002 CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38 Debian: 16/08/1993 Ubuntu: 20/10/2004

Ikozvino ":" kuseri kwemazita e distro akasimbiswa, asi kwete iwo ari muma URL nekuti ma URL ane "/" mushure mawo.

• Kuisa iyo "^" hunhu pakutanga kwebhureki kunoenderana chero hunhu kunze kwevamwe vatambi vari mubhureki.

Chimwe chinhu chatinogona kuita kutsanangura huwandu hwemhando. Semuenzaniso, kutsvaga chero nhamba inoteverwa ne "-" zvaitaridzika seizvi:

grep '[0-9]-' regex

Nezvo isu tiri kudoma hunhu pakati pe0 ne9 uyezve chiratidzo chekubvisa. Ngatione mhedzisiro:

ArchLinux: 11-03-2002 CentOs: 14-05-2004 03: 32: 38

Mireza yakawanda inogona kudomwa mukati memabhureki kutombo sanganisa maseru ane mavara chete.

• Kuisa mavara maviri akapatsanurwa na "-" mukati mabhureki kunoenderana chero hunhu mukati meiyo renji.

Ngatione izvozvi kana tichikwanisa kusarudza chikamu chekutanga chema URL. Iyo inoti "http" kana "https". Ivo chete vanosiyana mune yekupedzisira "s", saka ngatizviite zvinotevera:

grep -E 'https?' regex

Mucherechedzo wemubvunzo unoshandiswa kugadzira hunhu kuruboshwe kuruboshwe. Asi ikozvino tawedzera iyo -E Sarudzo kumurairo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kubvunzurudzwa chinhu chemashoko akawedzerwa anowanzoitika. Parizvino tanga tichishandisa zvirevo zvakajairwa, saka isu hatina kufanira kuisa chero chinhu mukati. Ngatione mhedzisiro:

ArchLinux: https: //wiki.archlinux.org/ Gentoo: https: //wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page CentOS: http:: //wiki.centos.org/Debian: https: //wiki.debian.org/ Ubuntu: https: //wiki.ubuntu.com/

Saka isu tatova nemutemo mutsva:

• Hunhu hunoteverwa na "?" inofanidza hunhu ihwo kana hapana. Izvi zvinongoshanda chete pakuwedzeredzwa mataurirwo enguva dzose.

Iye zvino tava kuzowana mazwi maviri akasiyana zvachose. Ngatione kuti tingawana sei mitsara ine zvese izwi rekuti "Debian" uye "Ubuntu".

grep -E 'Debian|Ubuntu' regex

Nebhawa yakatwasuka isu tinogona kupatsanura maviri kana anopfuura akasiyana marevhuru uye tinotsvaga mitsara inoenderana nechero ipi yadzo:

Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/
Debian: 16 / 08 / 1993
Ubuntu: 20 / 10 / 2004

• Hunhu «|» inoshanda kupatsanura akawanda akajairwa mataurirwo uye inowirirana chero awo. Izvo zvakare zvakanangana nekuwedzeredzwa mataurirwo enguva dzose.

Ngatirambei tichienderera. Iye zvino tava kuzotsvaga izwi rekuti "Linux", asi chete kwariri risina kunamatira kune rimwe izwi kuruboshwe. Tinogona kuzviita seizvi:

grep '\

Hunhu hwakakosha pano ndi "<", asi inoda kupukunyuka nekuisa "\" pamberi payo kuti grep iridudzire sehunhu hwakakosha. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeinotevera:

Arch Linux: 11-03-2002 Kubva Linux Rulez.

Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa "\>" kutsvaga mazwi asina kukodzera padhuze nepadhuze. Ngatiendei nemuenzaniso. Ngatiedzei uyu murairo:

grep 'http\>' regex

Zvibereko zvainoburitsa ndeizvi:

CentOS: http:: //wiki.centos.org/

"Http" yakabuda, asi kwete "https", nekuti mu "https" kuchine hunhu kurudyi kwe "p" iyo inogona kuve chikamu chezwi.

• Mavara "<" uye ">" anoenderana kutanga uye kupera kweshoko, zvichiteerana. Aya mavara anofanirwa kupukunyuka kuitira kuti asadudzirwe sevanhu chaivo.

Isu tinoenda nezvinhu zvishoma zvakanyanya kuomarara. Hunhu "+" unofanidza hunhu kuruboshwe, uchidzokororwa kamwe chete. Hunhu uhwu hunowanikwa chete nekuwedzeredzwa mataurirwo enguva dzose Nayo tinogona kutsvaga, semuenzaniso, kuteedzana kwenhamba dzinoverengeka mumutsara dzinotanga na ":".

grep -E ':[0-9]+' regex

Mhedzisiro:

CentOs: 14-05-2004 03: 32:38

Nhamba 38 inoratidzwawo nekuti inotanga na ":".

• Hunhu "+" unofanidza hunhu kuruboshwe, uchidzokororwa kamwe chete.

Iwe unogona zvakare kudzora huwandu hwekudzokorora uchishandisa "{" uye "}". Pfungwa iyi ndeyekuisa machira nhamba inoratidza iyo chaiyo nhamba yekudzokorora kwatinoda. Iwe unogona zvakare kuisa renji. Ngatione mienzaniso yezviitiko zviviri izvi.

Kutanga isu tichawana ese mana manhamba akateedzana ayo aripo:

grep '[0-9]\{4\}' regex

Ziva kuti mabhureki akasungwa anofanirwa kupukunyuka kana tiri kushandisa zvirevo zvakajairika, asi kwete kana tikashandisa akawedzera. Nekuwedzera kungave kwakadai.

grep -E '[0-9]{4}' regex

Uye mhedzisiro mumatambudziko ese angave aya

ArchLinux: 11-03-2002
Gentoo: 31/03 /2002
CentOS: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Debian: 16/08/1993
Ubuntu: 20/10 /2004

• Mavara "{" na "}" ane nhamba pakati pavo inoenderana neyekare hunhu akadzokorora iyo yakatarwa nhamba yenguva.

Iye zvino mumwe muenzaniso une brace. Ngatitii tinoda kutsvaga mazwi ane mavara ari pakati pe3 ne6. Tinogona kuita zvinotevera:

grep '[a-z]\{3,6\}' regex

Uye mhedzisiro yacho ichave iyi:

-Lista de pejis wiki Vasai: TOrchLinux: https: //wiki Vasai.archlinux.kanag/ Gzvino: https: //wiki Vasai.gentoo.kanag/wiki Vasai/Main_Pzera
CpfavaOs: http:: //wiki Vasai.cents.kanag/ Debian: https: //wiki Vasai.debian.kanag/ KANAmagumo: https: //wiki Vasai.ubuntu.ru/ - Funosuwa de launch: TOrch Linux: 11-03-2002 Gzvino: 31/03/2002 CpfavaOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Debian: 16/08/1993 Umagumo: 20/10/2004 DNdizvo Linux Rulez.

Izvo, sezvauri kuona, haina kutaridzika zvakanyanya sezvataida. Ndiko nekuti kutaura kwakajairwa kunowana iwo mavara mukati memamwe mazwi akareba. Ngatiedzei iyi imwe vhezheni:

grep '\<[a-z]\{3,6\}\>' regex

Mhedzisiro:

- Chinyorwa chemapeji wiki Vasai: ArchLinux: https: //wiki Vasai.newsksx.kanag/ Gentoo: https: //wiki Vasai.gentoo.kanag/wiki Vasai/ Main_Page CentOS: http:: //wiki Vasai.cents.kanag/ Debian: https: //wiki Vasai.debian.kanag/ Ubuntu: https: //wiki Vasai.ubuntu.ru/

Izvi zvatotaridzika zvakanyanya kunge zvataida. Zvatakaita zvinoda kuti izwi ritange pamberi pe tsamba yekutanga chete uye ipere mushure mekupedzisira.

• Mavara "{" na "}" ane manhamba maviri pakati pawo akapatsanurwa ne comma inoenderana neyekare hunhu akadzokorora huwandu hwenguva dzakaratidzwa nenhamba mbiri.

Ngatitarisei zvino pahunhu hunokosha pa "+". Ndi "*" uye mashandiro ayo akafanana chaizvo chete kuti inowirirana chero nhamba yemavara kusanganisira zero. Ndokunge, zvinoita zvakafanana ne "+" asi hazvidi kuti hunhu kuruboshwe kwayo kuti uoneke muchinyorwa. Semuenzaniso, ngatiedzei kutsvaga iwo ma kero anotanga pawiki uye opera pa org:

grep 'wiki.*org' regex

Ngatione mhedzisiro:

ArchLinux: https: //wiki.archlinux.org/ Gentoo: https: //wiki.gentoo.org/ wiki / Main_Page CentOS: http: //wiki.centos.org/ Debian: https: //wiki.debian.org/

Perfecto.

Zvino hunhu hwekupedzisira hwatinoenda kuona. Hunhu "\" hunoshandiswa kupunyuka hunhu kurudyi kwayo kuitira kuti irasikirwe nenjere dzayo. Semuenzaniso: Ngatitii tinoda kutsvaga mitsara inopera nepfungwa. Chinhu chekutanga chinogona kuitika kwatiri chingave ichi:

grep '.$' regex

Mhedzisiro haisi iyo yatiri kutsvaga:

- Chinyorwa chemapeji eWiki:
ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/
Gentoo: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page
CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/
- Mazuva okusunungurwa: Arch Linux: 11-03-2002
Gentoo: 31/03/2002
CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Debian: 16/08/1993
Ubuntu: 20/10/2004
Desde Linux Rulez.

Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo "." inowirirana nechinhu chero chipi zvacho, saka kuti chirevo chenguva dzose chinowirirana nehunhu hwekupedzisira pamutsetse wega wega chero zvazvingava. Mhinduro ndeiyi:

grep '\.$' regex

Zvino mhedzisiro ndizvo zvatiri kuda:

Desde Linux Rulez.

Mutambo wapera

Kunyangwe iyo nyaya yekutaura kwese kwakaomarara zvekuti ini ndaizopa kune akateedzana ezvinyorwa, ndinofunga ndatokupa marwadzo akakwana. Kana wakwanisa kusvika, makorokoto. Uye kana iwe ukaverenga zvese izvi kamwe chete, tora aspirin kana chimwe chinhu, nekuti hazvigone kuve zvakanaka.

Izvozvi ndizvozvo chete. Kana iwe uchida ichi chinyorwa, pamwe ini ndinogona kunyora imwe. Zvichakadaro, ini ndinokurudzira iwe kuti uedze ese akajairwa mataurirwo mune iyo terminal kuti uone zvakajeka mashandiro avo. Uye rangarira: Chete Chuck Norris anogona kuenzanisa HTML achishandisa zvirevo zvakajairwa.