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Cha, akuzona izinsika lapho kusekelwa ikhompyutha namuhla. Yizinsika, ngokwazi kwami nokuqonda kwami okuthobekile, okufanele kusekelwe kuzo.Kunalokho, lokhu kuyaphikiswa kabanzi. Yilokho impela umqondo. Shiya wena ubonakalisa futhi wabelane ngombono wakho nathi. 🙂 |
Ukufinyelela kwamahhala
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukufinyelela mahhala (ngesiNgisi, ukufinyelela okuvulekile) ukufinyelela kwamahhala, okusheshayo, futhi okungavinjelwe kokuqukethwe kwedijithali kwezemfundo nezemfundo, ikakhulukazi izindatshana zocwaningo lwesayensi ezivela emaphephandabeni akhethekile anokubukeza kontanga ('peer review').
Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzisi angakwazi ukufunda, ukulanda, ukukopisha, ukusabalalisa, ukuphrinta, ukusesha noma ukuxhumanisa imibhalo ephelele yezindatshana zesayensi, futhi azisebenzise ngaphandle kweminye imigoqo yezomnotho, yezomthetho noma yezobuchwepheshe kunaleyo ebangelwa yi-Intanethi uqobo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, ababhali bale misebenzi bangaveza obala ukutholwa kwabo kabanzi, bandise ukubonakala kwabo nokuthandwa kwabo, kanye nenani lezikhombo emisebenzini yabo.
Ngamanye amagama, ukufinyelela kwamahhala kuyindlela yamahhala nevulekile yokufinyelela ezincwadini zemfundo nezesayensi. Iphinde idlulele kokunye okuqukethwe kwedijithali ababhali abafisa ukukwenza kutholakale kalula kubasebenzisi be-inthanethi.
Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi ayikho into efana "nemininingwane yamahhala noma ulwazi", njengoba kunezindleko ezihilelekile ekukhiqizeni kwayo, ukufika kobuchwepheshe obusha sekwenze ukuhlanganiswa nokusatshalaliswa kwayo kukonga kakhulu (noma ngabe kuyizinto zokufunda)., Kwezemfundo , isayensi noma olunye uhlobo). Ngalesi sizathu, labo abavikela ukufinyelela okukhululekile kubo bonke abantu ngaphandle kwemingcele, bathi lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuvela kwe-Intanethi, okuvumela ukutholakala kolwazi ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphandle kwezindleko.
Ekugcineni, umqondo wokutholakala kwamahhala kolwazi ungasebenza nakwezinye izici zempilo, njengolwazi olukhiqizwa ama-ejensi kahulumeni, izinkampani zabasebenzi bakahulumeni, njll.
Kepha, akunakwenzeka ukwenza ukufinyelela kweqiniso kwemininingwane uma singenayo imigomo yamahhala.
Amazinga wamahhala
Uma sikhuluma ngamazinga, ngokuvamile sibhekisa kumafomethi kanye / noma kumaphrothokholi. Ngamagama ejwayelekile, indinganiso evulekile ukucaciswa okutholakala esidlangalaleni ukuze kufezwe umsebenzi othile.
Imininingwane kufanele ngabe yathuthukiswa ngenqubo evuleleke yonke imboni futhi kufanele futhi iqinisekise ukuthi noma ngubani angayisebenzisa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhokha amaroyali noma athumele imibandela kunoma ngubani omunye. Ngokuvumela wonke umuntu ukuthi athole futhi asebenzise okujwayelekile, angakhuphula futhi avumele ukusebenzisana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha nezesoftware, ngoba noma ngubani onolwazi lobuchwepheshe nezinsizakusebenza ezidingekayo angakha imikhiqizo esebenza naleyo yabanye abathengisi, ababelana ngokujwayelekile umklamo wabo wesisekelo.
Ngakho-ke yini indinganiso? Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi uma i-IETF noma i-W3C ivuma umthetho olandelwayo noma ifomethi, ngemuva kwalokho iba yindinganiso. Kepha ukwenziwa kwamazinga akuyona indaba yokuvunywa yi-ejensi; esikhundleni salokho, kungumbuzo wokwamukelwa "emphakathini." Uyini umphakathi? Inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamaphrojekthi, izintshisekelo, abantu nezinhlangano ezakha futhi zisebenzise lobu buchwepheshe. Kunezibonelo eziningi zamazinga angahlelwanga yile mizimba futhi amukelwa, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwawo kabanzi, njengamazinga. Amanye awo awawona amazinga avulekile (isibonelo, ifomethi ye-DOC -MS Word- noma i-PPS-MS PowerPoint-). Futhi, yize amaphrojekthi amaningi wamahhala wesoftware ancike kumazinga avulekile (ngokwesibonelo, i-Apache incike kumthetho olandelwayo we-HTTP, iMozilla ku-HTML / CSS / Javascript, Sendmail ku-SMTP, njll.) Kukhona nemikhiqizo yokuphathelene encike kulezo. amazinga (IIS, IE, Exchange).
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwethulwa kwamazinga avulekile akusho ukususwa kwesoftware ephathelene nokuphathwa, njengoba nokusetshenziswa kwamazinga okuphathelene kungasho, kukodwa, ukufa kwamaphrojekthi wamahhala ngokususelwa kulawo mazinga. Lokhu sikubona kuma-office suites afana ne-Abiword noma i-OpenOffice: womabili afunda futhi avumela ukwenziwa kwemibhalo ngefomethi ye-DOC evaliwe ye-Microsoft ngezinga elithile lokunemba. Lokhu sikubona nasendaweni yokuthumela imiyalezo ngokushesha namakhasimende afana noZwela noma i-Pidgin evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baxhumane ngenethiwekhi yeJabber (okuyiprothokholi evulekile), kanye nangezinsizakalo "zokuphathelene" ezisetshenziswa ngamanye amaklayenti. I-AIM, ICQ, i-MSN ne-Yahoo). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sathi amazinga avaliwe akusho ukufa kwamaphrojekthi wamahhala wesoftware. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga avulekile kunikeza abathuthukisi be-software inkululeko enkulu (ngoba akudingeki bakhokhe imali ekhokhelwa ilayisense yokusebenzisa indinganiso - kungaba umthetho olandelwayo, ifomethi, njll.) Futhi akukhawuleli amathuba abo kuzifiso, izifiso kanye nezintshisekelo zabadali balezo zilinganiso Ngeshwa, kulezo zimo, onjiniyela bamaphrojekthi wamahhala abakwazi neze ukuzama ukwenza amakhophi ahloniphekile ngangokunokwenzeka kokusebenza nezici ezinikezwa yizinhlelo "zoqobo" ngokusekelwa kwalezi zindinganiso (kwenzeka nge-DOC, i-PPS namanye amafomethi nezinqubo ezivaliwe eziningi ).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akudingeki nje kuphela ukuthi okushiwo yilezi zinto ezinkulu ezihlanganisa izinkampani ezinkulu emakethe kube yinto ejwayelekile, ngoba kulokhu kuzodinga ukwamukelwa ngumphakathi, kepha kwezinye izimo ngisho ne-Its umlingiswa 'ovulekile ovamile' angaze abuzwe ngoba njengakho konke okunye empilweni, konke kuya ngombuzo wamandla: izinkampani ezinkulu ngokuvamile zithanda ukulawula izindinganiso (kungaba ukuphatha noma ukuthonya izinto ezizidalayo). Yingakho bevame "ukubusa" le mizimba okuthiwa ivulekile, njenge-IETF noma i-W3C, noma i-MPEG consortium noma i-Open Mobile Alliance. Imvamisa, amazinga adalwe yile mizimba ashiya izintshisekelo nemibono yezinkampani ezincane noma okubi nakakhulu, lokho kwabasebenzisi bokugcina (akulungile yini uma ngithi nalawo aseMelika noma okungenani lawo mazwe amancane?).
Isofthiwe yamahhala
Isoftware emahhala (ngesiNgisi isoftware yamahhala, leli gama kwesinye isikhathi liyaphanjaniswa mahhala ngenxa yencazelo ephindwe kabili yesiNgisi mahhala ngeSpanish) igama lesoftware ehlonipha inkululeko yabasebenzisi maqondana nomkhiqizo wabo othengiwe, ngakho-ke , ingasetshenziswa ngokukhululeka, ikopishwe, ifundwe, ishintshwe futhi isatshalaliswe kabusha. Ngokuya ngeFree Software Foundation, isoftware yamahhala isho inkululeko yabasebenzisi yokugijima, ukukopisha, ukusabalalisa, ukutadisha, ukuguqula isoftware, nokusabalalisa isoftware eguquliwe.
Isoftware yamahhala ivame ukutholakala mahhala, noma ngezindleko zokusatshalaliswa ngezinye izindlela; Kodwa-ke, akuphoqelekile ukuthi kube njalo, ngakho-ke isoftware yamahhala akumele ihlotshaniswe ne- "software yamahhala" (evame ukubizwa nge-freeware), ngoba, ngenkathi igcina umlingiswa wayo wamahhala, ingasatshalaliswa ngokuthengisa ("isoftware yezentengiso"). Ngokufanayo, "isoftware yamahhala" noma "mahhala" kwesinye isikhathi ifaka ikhodi yomthombo; kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwesoftware alukhululekile ngomqondo ofanayo nowesoftware yamahhala, ngaphandle kwalapho amalungelo okuguqula nokusabalalisa kabusha lezo zinguqulo zohlelo aqinisekisiwe.
Futhi akufanele isoftware yamahhala ididaniswe "nesoftware esesidlangalaleni." Lesi sakamuva yisoftware engadingi ilayisensi, ngoba amalungelo ayo okuxhashazwa awabantu bonke, ngoba ngeyawo wonke umuntu ngokulingana. Noma ngubani angayisebenzisa, ngaso sonke isikhathi ngezinjongo zomthetho futhi asho ukuthi ingumbhali wayo wokuqala. Le software kungaba yiyo umbhali wayo ayinikela kumuntu noma i-copyright yakhe iphelelwe yisikhathi, ngemuva kwesikhathi kusuka ekufeni kwalokhu, imvamisa iminyaka engama-70. Uma umbhali evumela ukusetshenziswa kwakhe ngaphansi kwelayisense, noma ngabe ibuthaka kangakanani, akusekho esizindeni somphakathi.
Ngeminye imininingwane ngokubaluleka kwesoftware yamahhala ngincoma lokhu okunye okuthunyelwe: «Yini ethambile. mahhala«,«I-Decalogue yesoft. mahhala esifundazweni«,«Kungani ithambile. mahhala kunengqondo«, Nokunye okuthunyelwe okunethegi«software free".
Umphakathi wamahhala, wobuningi futhi ovulekile
Izinga lamahhala noma iphrojekthi yesoftware yamahhala ebuswa izinqumo zezinkampani ezinkulu ayisiyo imvelo enempilo. Ukuze iphumelele ngempela, ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa okuguquguqukayo okungu-3 esikushilo ekuqaleni (ukufinyelela kwamahhala, izindinganiso zamahhala nesoftware yamahhala), ukuba khona komphakathi ovulekile kubalulekile, lapho izinkampani ezinkulu nezincane ngisho onjiniyela abazimele bangasebenzisana. amanye amaphrojekthi ayimfihlo amanye amahhala, njll. Konke lokhu kufakwa kufanele kudale umphakathi wabathuthukisi nabasebenzisi abangabelana ngolwazi kalula futhi bafunde komunye nomunye.
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