Baphakamisa indlela yokususa ukubethela okhiye be-RSA-2048
Iqembu abacwaningi abavela ezikhungweni ezehlukene zesayensi namanyuvesi ama-chinos Ngahlongozan indlela entsha yokuthuthukisar inqubo yokwenza ipharamitha yokhiye we-RSA kumakhompyutha we-quantum.
Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, indlela abayithuthukisile ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwekhompyutha ye-quantum nge 372 qubits ukususa ukubhala okhiye be-RSA-2048. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-IBM Osprey, iprosesa ye-quantum enamandla kunazo zonke eyakhiwe njengamanje, iqukethe ama-qubits angu-433, futhi ngo-2026 i-IBM ihlela ukwakha uhlelo lwe-Kookaburra olunama-qubits angu-4000.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho lokho indlela iseyithiyori kuphela, ayikahlolwa ngokoqobo futhi kudala ukungabaza phakathi kwabadwebi be-cryptographer abathile.
Ukubethela kwe-RSA kusekelwe ku-exponentiation operation modulo inombolo enkulu. Ukhiye womphakathi uqukethe imodulus kanye neziqu. Imojula yakhiwe ngokusekelwe ezinombolweni ezimbili ezingahleliwe ezaziwa ngumnikazi wokhiye wangasese kuphela. Amakhompyutha e-Quantum enza kube nokwenzeka ukuxazulula ngempumelelo inkinga yokubola inombolo ibe yizici ezibalulekile, ezingasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukhiye oyimfihlo ovela kowomphakathi.
Kuze kube manje kwakukholelwa ukuthi, uma kubhekwa intuthuko yamanje amakhompyutha e-quantum, okhiye be-RSA abanosayizi wamabhithi angu-2048 abakwazi ukuqhekeka isikhathi eside, njengoba kusetshenziswa i-algorithm ye-Shor yakudala, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum enezigidi zama-qubits idinga isikhathi esiningi ukuze ifake ukhiye we-RSA ongu-2048-bit.
Indlela ehlongozwe abacwaningi baseShayina ifaka ukungabaza kulo mcabango. futhi, uma kuqinisekisiwe, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqhekeza okhiye be-RSA-2048 hhayi ezinhlelweni zesikhathi esizayo ezikude, kodwa kumakhompyutha e-quantum asevele ekhona.
Indlela isuselwe ku-algorithm ye-Schnorr fast factorization. ehlongozwayo ngo-2021, okuyinto inika amandla ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lemisebenzi lapho ukhetha kumakhompyutha avamile. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, i-algorithm ibonakale ingasasebenzi kangako ekuqhekezeni okhiye bangempela, ngoba ibisebenza kuphela kokhiye be-RSA abanamanani amancane emodulo (inamba okufanele lihlukaniswe libe izinombolo eziyinhloko). I-algorithm itholwe inganele ukubala izinombolo ezinkulu. Abacwaningi baseShayina bathi ngosizo lwezindlela ze-quantum bakwazile ukugwema umkhawulo we-algorithm kaSchnorr.
Ukungabaza kusuka kwabanye abadwebi be-cryptographer kungenxa yeqiniso ukuthi isihloko sabacwaningi baseShayina siyabonisa usebenzisa indlela yakho ezinombolweni ezincane kuphela, cishe uhlelo olufanayo olusebenzela i-algorithm kaSchnorr. Naphezu kwezimangalo zokuthi umkhawulo kasayizi weqiwe, abukho ubufakazi noma imininingwane engakanikeziwe. Empeleni, indlela iboniswa ukufaka izinombolo ezingu-48-bit kusetshenziswa ikhompuyutha ye-quantum engu-10-qubit.
I-algorithm ka-Shor ikuphonsele inselelo enkulu ukuvikeleka kolwazi olusekelwe kukhiye womphakathi we-cryptosystems. Kodwa-ke, ukuphula uhlelo olusetshenziswa kabanzi lwe-RSA-2048 kudinga izigidi zama-qubits aphathekayo, angaphezu kwamandla obuchwepheshe amanje. Lapha, sibika i-algorithm ye-quantum yendawo yonke ye-integer factorization ngokuhlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwe-lattice yakudala ne-quantum fuzzy optimization algorithm (QAOA).
Inani lama-qubits adingekayo yi-O(logN/loglogN), engumugqa ongaphansi kunobude bebhithi ephelele engu-N, okuyenza ibe i-algorithm yokulondoloza i-qubit enkulu kakhulu kuze kube manje. Sibonisa i-algorithm yokuhlola ngokufaka izinombolo ezifika ku-48 bits nama-superconducting qubits angu-10, inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke efakwe kudivayisi ye-quantum. Silinganisela ukuthi i-quantum circuit enama-qubits abonakalayo angu-372 kanye nokujula kwezinkulungwane kuyadingeka ukuze inselele i-RSA-2048 kusetshenziswa i-algorithm yethu. Ucwaningo lwethu lubonisa isithembiso esihle sokusheshisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhompuyutha e-quantum anomsindo namuhla futhi luvula indlela yokufaka izinombolo ezinkulu zokubaluleka okungokoqobo kwe-cryptographic.
Kushiwo ukuthi ukucabanga ukuthi ama-qubits angokwenyama angama-372 azokwanela ukufaka ukhiye we-RSA-2048 kuwumbono, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi indlela ye-quantum esekelwe ku-algorithm ye-Schnorr inezinkinga ezifanayo zokukala futhi ayisebenzi lapho kufakwa izinombolo. .
Uma inkinga nge-scaling ixazululwa ngempela, khona-ke ukuphepha kwe-cryptoalgorithms esekelwe enkingeni yokufaka izinombolo ezinkulu eziyinhloko kuzokwehliswa hhayi esikhathini eside, njengoba kulindelekile, kodwa kakade namuhla.
Ekugcineni, uma unentshisekelo yokwazi okwengeziwe ngakho, ungaxhumana nemininingwane ku- isixhumanisi esilandelayo.