Yini isoftware yamahhala?

El software free (ngesiNgisi isoftware yamahhala, yize leli gama kwesinye isikhathi lididaniswa nelithi "mahhala" ngenxa yokungaqondakali kwegama elithi "mahhala" ngolimi lwesiNgisi, yingakho kusetshenziswa i- "software yamahhala") igama le-software ihlonipha inkululeko yabasebenzisi mayelana nomkhiqizo wabo othengiwe futhi, ngakho-ke, uma nje bewutholile kungaba esetshenzisiwe, kukopishwe, wafunda, modified, futhi usabalalisiwe ngokukhululeka.

Ngokuya ngeFree Software Foundation, isoftware yamahhala isho inkululeko yabasebenzisi yokugijima, ukukopisha, ukusabalalisa, ukutadisha, ukuguqula isoftware, nokusabalalisa isoftware eguquliwe.

Isoftware ibhekwa njengekhululekile uma ihlangabezana nale mibandela elandelayo:

• Uhlelo lungasetshenziselwa noma iyiphi injongo
• Kungenzeka ukufinyelela ikhodi yalo yomthombo
• Kungenzeka wenze amakhophi wohlelo
• Ukuthuthuka kungashicilelwa

Okuthile okubalulekile ukukugqamisa yilokho isoftware yamahhala isuselwa emithethweni ekhona yezimpahla zengqondo futhi inikeza inkululeko enkulu, uma umuntu ehlangabezana nezimo ezithile. Ngamanye amagama, kuvumela ukuguqulwa nokwabiwa kabusha kwesoftware, into evinjelwe ngokuvamile kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "isoftware ephathelene", inqobo nje uma umuntu ehambisana nombandela wokwenza lezo zinguquko zitholakale kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kususelwa eqinisweni lokuthi uma sonke sabelana, sonke siyoba ngcono.

Ngaphakathi kwesoftware yamahhala kunezinhlobo eziningi zamalayisense:

• I-GPL, elinye lamalayisense aziwa kakhulu lakhiwa iphrojekthi ye-GNU.
• I-LGPL, efana ne-GPL, kepha umehluko usezingeni elikulo
• ICreative Commons: empeleni igama elihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zamalayisense asetshenziswa kakhulu kokuqukethwe kokudala, njengehluzo, imibhalo noma umculo. Amanye ala malayisense abhekwa njengamahhala.

Kukhona ne-Open Software, okukhishwa kwakhe okuyinhloko ilayisense ye-BSD. Isoftware evulekile ivumela ukwabiwa kabusha kwekhodi ne-software, ngaphandle kokubandlululwa, kepha akuqinisekisi ukuthi ikhodi yomthombo efanayo ingahlala itholakala. Okokugcina umehluko omkhulu nge-software yamahhala.

Yini ebhekwa njengesoftware yokuphathelene?

Isoftware yobunikazi ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ukuyisebenzisa iyazincisha amalungelo ebingaba nawo ngokwemvelo. Isoftware yokuphathelene ihambisana nesivumelwano selayisense sokusetshenziswa kokugcina, noma i-EULA ngegama layo ngesiNgisi. Le layisense inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwakho kwesoftware ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Okuyinhloko ukuthi kuvimbela kakhulu ukuguqula uhlelo futhi kukhawulele engingakwenza ngohlelo.

Isibonelo salokhu abashayeli bezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, abanelayisense yabo ebavumela kuphela ukuthi basebenzise i-hardware ethile ikakhulukazi, nohlelo oluthile lokusebenza.

Sibona ukufakwa okujwayelekile kohlelo lobunikazi. Lokhu akuyona i-oda ngqo, kepha izinyathelo zingaphezulu noma zingaphansi ngokulandelayo:

• Umuntu usebenzisa isifaki (imvamisa ngokuchofoza kabili kufayela le-.exe)
• Umyalezo wokwamukela uyavela
• Uyacelwa ukuthi uvume ilayisense
• Uyacelwa ukuthi ukhethe ifolda lapho uzoyifaka khona
• Uyacelwa ukuthi uqinisekise
• Amafayela ahambisanayo afakiwe
• Ukufaka kuqediwe

Iphuzu lomehluko phakathi kwesoftware yamahhala nesoftware yokuphathelene liselayisensini umuntu alemukela endaweni c. Inkontileka yohlelo iyona ekhombisa ukuthi ngabe uhlelo lwamahhala noma lokuphathelene. Futhi, ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokuphathelene kunezigaba eziningana:

• Izinkokhelo: isoftware lapho umsebenzisi kufanele akhokhe inani ukuze ayithole futhi akwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngokusemthethweni. Kwezinye izimo, ilungelo lokusebenzisa likhawulelwe ngesikhathi futhi kufanele likhokhwe futhi ukuze uqhubeke ulisebenzise.
• Amademoni / i-Shareware: Izibonelo zalolu hlobo lohlelo iWinzip noma i-Winrar. Kulezi zinhlelo, ukusebenza kwazo kunqunyelwe kwinani elithile lezinsuku.
• Mahhala: Lezi zingalandwa mahhala kwi-inthanethi futhi zingasetshenziswa ngaphandle komkhawulo, noma ngabe kukhona okukhokhelwayo okunezici eziningi. Isibonelo salokhu yiWinamp.

Ngokuvamile, i-Private Software yaziwa nangokuthi i-Closed Software noma i-Proprietary Software. Okukhethekile yigama elifanele kakhulu ngoba, njengoba sibonile, kusiphuca amalungelo.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko ZeSoftware yamahhala kuneSoftware yangasese

Ukucacisa lezi zinzuzo, ake sithathe isibonelo sento esiyisebenzisa sonke namuhla, omakhalekhukhwini. Ngokuvamile, umuntu uthola umakhalekhukhwini ngokuwuthenga enkampanini okungesiyo eyomkhiqizi kamakhalekhukhwini, kodwa kunalokho ngumhlinzeki wensizakalo yocingo.

Inkampani ikuthengisela umakhalekhukhwini "onelayisense lokugcina ukusetshenziswa", okubeka imibandela ethile kuwe, njengebanga elincane onalo lokugcina insizakalo yocingo nemisebenzi ongayisebenzisa naleyo cell phone. Ivinjiwe ekwenzeni izinto leyo nkampani engafuni ukuthi uyenze ngomakhalekhukhwini wakho, noma efuna ukukukhokhisa enye eyengeziwe.

Kuze kube muva nje, baze bakhokhisa imali eyengeziwe ukukunikeza ikhodi evumela ukuthi ushintshe izinkampani, noma ngabe isikhathi esiphansi besivele siphelile.
Ngamanye amagama, bakuncisha ukwenza izinto ngomakhalekhukhwini WAKHO, okungenziwa yidivayisi, kepha inkampani ikubeka imikhawulo yokufakelwa ukukukhokhisa njengensizakalo eyengeziwe, noma ikuthengisele okokusebenza okubiza kakhulu. Baze bakuphoqe ukuthi ushintshe umakhalekhukhwini wakho noma uwulahle bese uthenga enye lapho bengasafuni ukugcina insizakalo yohlobo lukamakhalekhukhwini izinkampani elizithatha njengeziphelelwe yisikhathi, njengoba kwenzeka ngezitini.
Futhi-ke unabakhiqizi bezingcingo, abakukhokhisela isoftware yokuxhuma kumakhalekhukhwini, noma ngesesekeli esincane, njengoba kunjalo ngomakhalekhukhwini othandwa kakhulu kulezi zinsuku. Futhi iwaranti iyaphela ngokushesha nje lapho uthinta isikulufu, noma bazama ukukukhokhisa ngokushintsha ibhethri.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uneselula yamahhala. Izinhlelo zamaselula zimahhala, ngakho-ke kunabantu abangafaka isandla ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezenzeka ezimweni ezithile, njengokusebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini maphakathi nehlathi lasePatagonia, into umenzi ojwayelekile angeke ayinake kakhulu ngoba akuyona i-niche yakho ngqo.

Futhi ungafaka izinhlelo nemidlalo oyifunayo ngokuyixhuma kwikhompyutha yakho nesoftware umuntu ayenzele umhleli wayo futhi omunye umuntu ayishintshe ukuze ikwazi ukuhamba nale foni. Ungayisebenzisela okuthile umkhiqizi noma inkampani ababekucabanga ngaleso sikhathi, njengeselula enekhamera ethumela izithombe njalo ngemizuzwana engu-x futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ubambe inkohliso mbumbulu ngenethiwekhi ejwayelekile, ngaphandle kokukhokha okungeziwe isevisi. Noma shintsha ngokuphelele yonke isoftware usebenzise leyo oyisebenzisa kukhompyutha yakho bese uyenza ngendlela oyithandayo, hhayi ngezinketho ingosi yalokhu noma leyo nkampani yezocingo ekunika yona. Futhi uma ungayithandi leyo nkampani yocingo, ungashintsha noma nini lapho ufuna kusuka komunye uye komunye, futhi usebenzise kaningi ngasikhathi sinye, ngokuya ngohlobo lwekholi, umyalezo noma into ofuna ukuyenza. Ngamanye amagama, umakhalekhukhwini wenza okufunayo hhayi okunye.

Isoftware yamahhala izama ukukubuyisela emuva amalungelo obekungafanele athathwe kuwe, nokuthi ujwayele ukungabi nawo. Isoftware yamahhala ikholelwa ukuthi uma sonke sabelana, sonke sizoba ngcono. Kubukeka njenge-utopia, kepha kuyinto ephathekayo; Kwenzeka eduze kwakho unganakile.

Izinganekwane namaqiniso esoftware yamahhala uma kuqhathaniswa nesoftware evaliwe noma eyimfihlo

• Isoftware yamahhala yenziwa yizifundiswa, ngakho-ke inekhwalithi ephansi kuneSoftware yangasese
  AMANGA: njengakuzo zonke izindawo, ikhwalithi iyahluka, kepha isoftware yamahhala ivumela abantu abaningi ukuthi babuyekeze ikhodi futhi baphakamise ukuthuthuka. Lolu hlobo lokuhlolisisa nokubuyekeza, kwezinye izimo izinkulungwane zabantu, lwenza ikhwalithi yesoftware ifane noma ibe ngcono kune-software ephathelene. Ngisho nabaningi balaba bantu basebenza ezinkampanini zesoftware ngokuqinile.
• Isoftware yamahhala imahhala
  AMANGA: Isoftware Emahhala - Isoftware yamahhala ngesiNgisi, ivela ku- "Mahhala njengakwinkulumo yamahhala, hhayi njengakubhiya wamahhala", okuhunyushwa kwayo: "Kumahhala njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, hhayi njengakubhiya wamahhala." Lokhu kungukususwa okungenzeka kunengqondo kakhulu kulabo abakhuluma isiNgisi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungaqondakali kwegama elithi "mahhala." Noma kunjalo, iningi le-software yamahhala limahhala. Noma ikhokhwe, uma selithengiwe ilayisense le-software, lingakopishwa ngokukhululeka, uma kuhlangatshezwana nemibandela yelayisense.
• Ku-Free Software akekho owenza imali
  AMANGA: Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuthengwa kwezinye izinkampani zeFree Software kungavunyelwa kanjani, njengeMySql, isibonelo, esanda kutholwa yiSun Microsystems? Kukhona nezinkampani ezakha i-Free Software ezweni lethu futhi zenze imali engenayo ngoba okuthengiswayo akuyona uhlelo uqobo, kepha izinsizakalo zokweseka kanye nezentuthuko yangokwezifiso.

Amalayisensi

Ilayisensi yisivumelwano lapho umbhali wesoftware egunyaza umsebenzisi ukuthi asebenzise "izenzo zomthetho zokuxhaphaza". Phakathi kwamalayisense amahhala, awaziwa kakhulu yile:

• Amalayisense we-GPL
• Amalayisense e-BSD
• I-MPL namalayisense wokuthola

Ngelayisense ye-GPL (GNU General Public License), umbhali ugcina ubunikazi bakhe futhi uvumela ukwabiwa kabusha nokuguqulwa ngaphansi kwemigomo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo eziguqulwayo zesoftware zihlala ngaphansi kwemigomo evimbela kakhulu ye-GNU GPL uqobo.

Cishe ama-60% wesoftware enelayisensi njengoba iFree Software isebenzisa ilayisense le-GPL. Umkhawulo wale layisense: izinguqulo eziguqulwe kabusha ezinikezwe inguqulo yangempela ingaphansi kwelayisense le-GPL, kufanele futhi inikezwe ilayisense ngaphansi kwe-GPL. Lokho wukuthi, ikhodi yomthombo kufanele igcinwe ivulelekile kunoma ngubani ofuna ukuyifunda kanye / noma ukuyiguqula, akufanele ivalwe. Uma kwenzeka okwakamuva, ilayisense izophulwa.

Ilayisense ye-BSD yilayisense yesoftware enikezwe ikakhulukazi izinhlelo ze-BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution). Okweqembu lamalayisense e-Open Software futhi umehluko omkhulu nge-GPL ukuthi inemikhawulo embalwa. Isici selayisense le-BSD ukuthi livumela ukusetshenziswa kwekhodi yomthombo ku-Closed Software, ngokungafani ne-GPL.

Ilayisense ye-MPL (iMozilla Public License ngeSpanishi noma ngeMozilla Public License ngesiNgisi) ingumthombo ovulekile nelayisense yeFree Software. Yakhiwa yiNetscape Communications Corporation, ukukhipha iNetscape Communicator 4.0, eyayizokuba yiphrojekthi eyaziwa kakhulu futhi edumile yeMozilla. Ilayisense ye-MPL ihambisana ngokuphelele nencazelo yesoftware yomthombo ovulekile kanye nenkululeko ezine zeFree Software. Kodwa-ke, i-MPL ishiya ivule indlela yokuphinda isetshenziswe okungenasimahla kwesoftware ngaphandle kokuvimba ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi noma ukunikezwa kabusha kwelayisense ngaphansi kwelayisensi efanayo.

Njengamanje kunesisekelo, i- Isoftware yamahhala (FSF), okuyibhizinisi elikhombisa ukuthi ngabe ilayisense imahhala noma cha. Ukubona wonke amalayisense wamahhala, bona: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html