I-Linux kernel inezakhi ezingekho "mahhala" ...

I-athikili ethakazelisa kakhulu eshicilelwe okokuqala ngesiNgisi ku I-Libresoft.es futhi yahunyushelwa olimini lwesiSpanish ngu Quique Mashi okuchaza ngokuningiliziwe ukugxekwa kukaRichard Stallman kanye ne FSF maqondana nokwethulwa kwezinto "ezingahlawulelwa" ku-kernel ye-Linux, yingakho i-FSF inephrojekthi ebizwa ngokuthi I-LinuxFree, egcina izinguqulo ezibuyekeziwe zeLinux Kernel kepha ngaphandle kwalezi zinto "zokuphathelene", ukwenza kube lula ukudala I-100% yamahhala we-Linux distros.

Uhlelo olusebenzisayo okungenzeka ulusebenzisa lubizwa ngokuthi "I-GNU / Linux", Futhi yakhiwa nge-kernel ebizwa ngokuthi"Linux”- Isilwane sikabani iphengwini– futhi amathuluzi asizungezile abizwa ngokuthi"I-GNU”(Ibizwa ngokuthi“ inkonkoni ”, njengenhlwathi yase-Afrika). Ngokwezidingo, bahlomile "ukwabiwa"Yiliphi iqembu elihlanganisa ndawonye izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene, kepha i-kernel - ngaphandle kokuthi ishicilelwe ngezinguqulo, njengazo zonke izinhlelo-- ihlala ifana kuzo zonke, ngaphandle kokuthi okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi okunye ukusabalalisa kuqukethe i-Linux yamahhala, kanti enye ine-Linux ene"Bubbles”Kwisoftware ephathelene (ngoba incisha umsebenzisi i- inkululeko ezi-4 ezibalulekile). Debian kungenye yokwabiwa okuyinhloko, lapho abanye abaningi bethola khona, kufaka phakathi okusetshenziswe kakhulu: Ubuntu. Azizona ukwabiwa kwamahhala. I-athikili yokuqala inonyaka ubudala, kepha abasebenzisi abaningi bathola nje ibhulakufesi ...

Ezinsukwini ezedlule, ngithole ithuba lokuhambela inkulumo kaRichard M. Stallman, emayelana nezisekelo zesoftware yamahhala (yebo, inkulumo ejwayelekile kaStallman). Kuzo zonke izihloko axoxe ngazo, ukhulume ngokuthi iLinux ayiyona isoftware yamahhala. Uthe ngaphakathi kwekhodi yomthombo esatshalaliswa yiLinux ungathola isoftware engeyona yamahhala. Ekuqaleni, ngangicabanga ukuthi wenza ihaba, kanti angimbuzanga ngakho.

Kepha isimangalo sagqanyiswa yiphephandaba laseSpain, futhi kwaphawulwa ngalo kumasayithi afana nalawa I-Barrapunto.com. Isiphetho senkulumompikiswano bekungukuthi, njengenjwayelo, izintatheli azinalwazi ngesoftware yamahhala, ikhodi yomthombo ovulekile nakho konke lokho.

Nginqume ukuphenya ngokuqhubekayo ukuthola ukuthi ngabe uqinisile yini uStallman. Ngithole ukuthi kukhona iphakethe lekhodi yomthombo we-Linux kernel esatshalaliswa yiFree Software Foundation, ebizwa I-LinuxFree. Ukukhuluma iqiniso, kukhona uhlu lwama-distros ajwayelekile asabalalisa (okuthiwa) inguqulo engekho mahhala ye-Linux. Ngokumangazayo, uzothola i-Debian GNU / Linux phakathi kwabo. Ngisho ngokumangazayo ngoba uDebian waziwa ngokuqina kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngesoftware yamahhala. Uma ucezu lwesoftware lungahlangabezani ne-Izinkombandlela ze-Debian Free Software, ayifakiwe ekusatshalalisweni.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi basabalalise isoftware engeyona yamahhala?

Ukubuyela emuva kuLinuxFree, baphinde basabalalise imibhalo esetshenziselwa ukususa izingxenye ezingekho mahhala zekhodi yomthombo kusuka ku-Debian Linux kernel (phezulu). Ngenguqulo yakamuva engiyibukile (2.6.28), iskripthi sisusa noma siguqule amafayela ekhodi yomthombo angama-28. Nalu uhlu oluphelele lwamafayela asolisayo, ngesixhumanisi esiya kukhodi yomthombo endaweni yokugcina ye-Linux Git:

• abashayeli / char / ser_a2232fw.h
• abashayeli / char / ser_a2232fw.ax
• abashayeli / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_rx.ucode
• abashayeli / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_rx.uc
• abashayeli / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_tx.ucode
• abashayeli / net / wan / wanxlfw.inc_shipped
• abashayeli / net / wan / wanxlfw.S
• abashayeli / net / wireless / atmel.c
• abashayeli / scsi / 53c700_d.h_shipped
• abashayeli / scsi / 53c700.scr
• abashayeli / i-scsi / aic7xxx / aic79xx_seq.h_shipped
• abashayeli / i-scsi / aic7xxx / aic79xx.seq
• abashayeli / i-scsi / aic7xxx / aic7xxx_seq.h_shipped
• abashayeli / i-scsi / aic7xxx / aic7xxx.seq
• abashayeli / i-scsi / aic7xxx_old / aic7xxx_seq.c
• abashayeli / scsi / aic7xxx_old / aic7xxx.seq
• abashayeli / scsi / 53c7xx_d.h_shipped
• abashayeli / scsi / 53c7xx.scr
• abashayeli / scsi / sym53c8xx_2 / sym_fw1.h
• abashayeli / scsi / sym53c8xx_2 / sym_fw2.h
• i-firmware / dsp56k / bootstrap.bin.ihex
• i-firmware / dsp56k / bootstrap.asm
• i-firmware / i-keyspan_pda / i-keyspan_pda.HEX
• i-firmware / i-keyspan_pda / i-keyspan_pda.S
• i-firmware / i-keyspan_pda / xircom_pgs.HEX
• i-firmware / i-keyspan_pda / i-xircom_pgs.S
• umsindo / pci / cs46xx / imgs / cwcdma.h
• umsindo / pci / cs46xx / imgs / cwcdma.asp

Masikhethe eyodwa ngokungahleliwe. Isibonelo, abashayeli befayela / net / ixp2000 / ixp2400_rx.ucode. Nayi ingcaphuno evela kulelo fayela:

.insns = (u8 []) {
                      0xf0, 0x00, 0x0c, 0xc0, 0x05,
                      0xf4, 0x44, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x05,
                      0xfc, 0x04, 0x4c, 0x00, 0x00,

(Imigqa eyi-120 efanayo)

0xe0, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                      0xe0, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                      0xe0, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                   }

Yini leyo? I-firmware yeprosesa yenethiwekhi, okungenzeka isetshenziswe kumakhadi enethiwekhi, noma mhlawumbe nginephutha futhi ngolunye uhlobo lwehadiwe. Kunoma ikuphi, kufakiwe ekusatshalalisweni kwekhodi yomthombo we-Debian Linux kernel (phezulu).

Yize ishumekwe kufayela lekhodi yomthombo, leyo ngxenye yesoftware iza ifomu kanambambili. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-bubble (blob). Ngenxa yalokho akunakwenzeka ukukuguqula. Ngamanye amazwi, akuyona isoftware yamahhala. Okuyingozi kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi ngabe leyo ngxenye yesoftware yenza lokho okufanele ikwenze, noma enye into. Ukuba isilawuli senethiwekhi, kuyacaca ukuthi yingxenye eyingozi ye-kernel.

Amanye amafayela aqukethe izinto ezifanayo.

Ngabe le ngcezu engafakwanga ifakiwe ku-Debian (nokunye ukusatshalaliswa) ngaphandle kokuthi othile akubone? Cha, kwakungeyona. Ukukhuluma iqiniso, ingxoxo eqinile yaphenduka yaba iphrojekthi, eyaxazululwa ngayo ivoti lamalungu ephrojekthi.

Inketho yokuwina bekungukucabanga ukuthi amabhamuza athobela i-GPL ngaphandle kokuthi kufakazelwe ngenye indlela.

Kuyahlekisa. Kulula kakhulu ukufakazela okuhlukile. Vele uzame ukuqonda ukuthi wenzani isihogo leso siqephu. Noma okungcono okwamanje, yenze i-tweak, uyihlanganise kabusha, bese ubona ukuthi isasebenza yini.

Ngemuva kwaleli voti, Unobhala we-debian wesula esikhundleni ngoba wayesolwa ngokuxhaphaza ukubalwa kwamavoti (angakwenzanga).

Uma ufunda zonke izinketho, uzobona ukuthi kunezinhlangothi ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuthola ukukhishwa okusha ukuze abasebenzisi bakwazi ukujabulela iDebian entsha, noma ukuhlanza ukusatshalaliswa kwezingxenye ezingekho mahhala. Kuyindida lokho I-Debian Manifesto ithi "[I-Debian GNU / Linux] kufanele yenziwe yinhlangano ngenqubekela phambili ephumelelayo nokuvikela isoftware yamahhala ngaphandle kwengcindezi yenzuzo noma yenzuzo.

Kodwa-ke, bacindezela ukukhululwa kukaLenny futhi bafihla izingxenye ezingekho mahhala ngaphansi kombhoxo.

Ngokufingqa, I-Linux isabalalisa ama-firmwares kuphela, afihliwe njengamafayela ekhodi yomthombo (noma Bubbles), futhi uDebian uyakwazi, futhi uyaqhubeka nokusabalalisa noma kunjalo. Bacabanga ukuthi lawo mafayela kanambambili kuphela awaphuli izinkombandlela ze-Debian Free Software.

Uma ubheka le ndaba yonke, uTheodore Ts'o, umakhi we-kernel, uvikela inketho yokwamukela amabhamuza njengokuhambisana ne-GPL. Uphakamisa impikiswano yakudala phakathi kwe-pragmatism kanye nemibono, ephikisa ngokuthi ama-firmwares aqukethe ikhodi kanambambili kuphela ayadingeka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabasebenzisi, nokuthi ukuvikela i-Free Software ngokwakho ukubeka imibono ngaphezu kwabantu.

Kulula ukusola uStallman noma uDebian ngokuba ngama-fundamentalists enkolo, ababeka imibono ngaphezu kwabantu. Yize kungelula ukusola abanye abanjengo-OpenBSD. I-OpenBSD ifaka kuphela isoftware yamahhala yezizathu zokuphepha (1). Uma bengakwazi ukufunda ikhodi, abakwazi ukuyethemba. I-OpenBSD yenqabile ukufaka noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-bubble, ngezizathu ezilandelayo:

• Amagwebu awasasekelwa ngabathengisi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
• Amagwebu awakwazi ukusekelwa onjiniyela.
• Amagwebu awakwazi ukulungiswa ngonjiniyela.
• Amagwebu awakwazi ukuthuthukiswa.
• Amagwebu awakwazi ukucwaningwa.
• Ama-Bubbles acacisiwe ngokwakhiwa, ngakho-ke awathwaleki kalula.
• Amagwebu avame ukugcwala ngokweqile.

Ukube i-bubble ibiyi-GPL, ibingeke ibe nazo zonke lezo zingqinamba. Ukube yonke le mpikiswano yama-bubble ibingokwenkolo ngokwemvelo, i-OpenBSD ibingeke ibe nankinga yokuyifaka ohlelweni lwakho.

Ngicabanga ukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ukufakwa kwiLinux kubhamuza yokuqala enonya futhi isatshalaliswe kakhulu ngabantu besithathu abanjengoDebian. Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu uzobona ngokungazelelwe ukuthi amagwebu akuyona isoftware yamahhala, nezingozi zesoftware engakhokhelwa (okuyizinto ezimbi kakhulu uma sivala amehlo ethu futhi siqhubeka nokucabanga ukuthi kuseyi-software yamahhala).

(1) Inothi lomhumushi: Ekhasini lapho kushicilelwa khona lesi sihloko, kuvela la mazwana alandelayo: “Unephutha, ngisebenzisa i-OpenBSD futhi iza nemifanekiso kanambambili engasebenzisi mahhala kanambambili kuphela. Kuyadabukisa, nokho kuyiqiniso. " (Awunaphutha. Ngisebenzisa i-OpenBSD futhi iza ne-firmware engasebenzisi mahhala kanambambili kuphela. Kuyadabukisa, noma kunjalo kuliqiniso.)