Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule i-US National Institute of Standards and Technology. (NIST) ikhululiwe ngesimemezelos abawine "i-crypto algorithms imelana nokukhethwa kukhompuyutha ye-quantum.
Lo mncintiswano wahlelwa eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule futhi ihlose ukukhetha ama-algorithms we-post-quantum cryptography ilungele ukukhushulwa njengamazinga. Phakathi nomncintiswano, ama-algorithms aphakanyiswe amaqembu ocwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe acutshungulwa ochwepheshe abazimele befuna ubungozi obungenzeka kanye nobuthakathaka.
Ophumelele phakathi kwama-algorithms wendawo yonke angasetshenziswa ukuvikela ukudluliswa kolwazi kumanethiwekhi amakhompyutha i-Crystals-Kyber, amandla awo angusayizi wokhiye omncane kanye nesivinini esikhulu.
Esikhangisweni I-CRYSTALS-Kyber iyanconywa ukuze iguqulelwe kumazinga. Ngokungeziwe ku-CRYSTALS-Kyber, amanye ama-algorithms amane avame ukusetshenziswa, i-BIKE, i-Classic McEliece, i-HQC, ne-SIKE, akhonjwe njengadinga ukuthuthukiswa.
Ababhali balawa ma-algorithms banethuba lokubuyekeza izicaciso futhi basuse ukushiyeka ekusetshenzisweni kuze kube umhla ka-Okthoba 1, ngemva kwalokho bangaphinde bafakwe phakathi kwabaphumelele.
Ngemva kokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela phakathi nomjikelezo wesithathu wenqubo yokumiswa ye-NIST PQC, i-NIST ihlonze ama-algorithms ekhandidethi amane ukuze amiswe. Ama-algorithms ayinhloko i-NIST encoma ukuthi asetshenziswe ezimweni eziningi zokusetshenziswa yi-CRYSTALS-KYBER (ukusungulwa kokhiye) kanye ne-CRYSTALS-Dilithium (amasiginesha edijithali). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikimu zesiginesha ze-Falcon ne-SPHINCS+ nazo zizokwenziwa zifane.
Kuma-algorithms aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngamasiginesha edijithali, i-CRYSTALS -Dilithium, i-FALCON ne-SPHINCS+ ziyagqama. Ama-algorithms we-CRYSTALS-Dilithium kanye ne-FALCON asebenza kahle kakhulu.
I-CRYSTALS-Dilithium inconywa njenge-algorithm eyinhloko yamasiginesha edijithali, kuyilapho i-FALCON igxile kuzixazululo ezidinga usayizi wesiginesha omncane. I-SPHINCS+ isalele ngemuva kwama-algorithms amabili okuqala ngokosayizi wesiginesha nesivinini, kodwa yashiywa njengenye indlela phakathi kwabafinyelele kowamanqamu, njengoba isekelwe ezimisweni zezibalo ezihluke ngokuphelele.
Ngokuqondile, ama-algorithms I-CRYSTALS-Kyber, i-CRYSTALS-Dilithium ne-FALCON zisebenzisa izindlela ze-cryptographic ezisekelwe ekuxazululeni inkinga yethiyori yenethiwekhi., isikhathi sabo sesixazululo asihlukani kumakhompiyutha avamile kanye ne-quantum. I-algorithm ye-SPHINCS+ isebenzisa amasu e-cryptographic asekelwe ku-hash.
Ama-algorithms wendawo yonke asele ukuthi abuyekezwe nawo asekelwe kwezinye izimiso: I-BIKE ne-HQC zisebenzisa izici ze-algebraic coding theory kanye namakhodi aqondile, ezibuye zisetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zokulungisa amaphutha.
I-CRYSTALS-KYBER (i-keying) ne-CRYSTALS-Dilithium (amasiginesha edijithali) zikhethelwe ukuvikeleka kwazo okuqinile nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi i-NIST yenze kahle ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza. I-Falcon izophinda ifane ne-NIST, njengoba kungase kube nezimo lapho amasiginesha e-CRYSTALS-Dilithium emakhulu kakhulu. Ukwengeza, i-SPHINCS+ izomiswa ukuze igweme ukuthembela kuphela ekuvikelekeni kwe-lattice ukuze uthole amasignesha. I-NIST icela ukuphawula komphakathi ngenguqulo ye-SPHINCS+ enenombolo encane yamasiginesha aphezulu.
I-NIST ihlose ukuqhubekisela phambili ukumisa eyodwa yalawa ma-algorithms ukuze unikeze enye indlela ye-algorithm esezikhethiwe ye-lattice theory-based CRYSTALS-Kyber.
I-algorithm ye-SIKE isuselwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-supersingular isogeny (isiyingi kugrafu ye-isogenic ephezulu) futhi ibhekwa njengekhandidethi lokumiswa, njengoba inosayizi omncane wokhiye. I-algorithm ye-Classic McEliece iphakathi kwabangene kowamanqamu, kodwa ngeke ize ifane ngenxa yosayizi omkhulu wokhiye womphakathi.
Isidingo sokuthuthukisa nokumisa ama-algorithms amasha e-cryptographic kungenxa yokuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum, asanda kuthuthuka, axazulula izinkinga zokubola inombolo engokwemvelo ibe yizici eziyinhloko (i-RSA, i-DSA) kanye ne-logarithm ecacile yamaphoyinti we-elliptic curve. . (ECDSA), esekela ama-algorithms wokubethela asymmetric wokhiye womphakathi wesimanje futhi ayikwazi ukuxazululwa ngempumelelo kumaphrosesa akudala.
Esigabeni samanje sokuthuthuka, amakhono amakhompiyutha e-quantum awakeneli ukwephula ama-algorithms wamanje wokubethela we-classical kanye namasiginesha edijithali asekelwe kukhiye womphakathi njenge-ECDSA, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi isimo singashintsha eminyakeni eyi-10 futhi kuyadingeka lungisa isisekelo sokudluliselwa kwe-cryptosystems kumazinga amasha.
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