Imiyalo ewusizo yeLinux

Lokhu akuhloselwe ukuthi kube uhlu oluphelele kepha ngiyakuqinisekisa ukuthi uzothola ingxenye enhle yemiyalo ejwayelekile futhi ewusizo yekhonsoli yomyalo we-Linux. 🙂

Ama-Commandos ajwayelekile

dmesg
Phrinta imilayezo ekhonjiswe ngekernel ekuqaleni.

depmod -a
Ikhiqiza ifayela eliqukethe ukuncika kwamamojula alayishwe i- "Kernel", okungukuthi, iyakwazi ukubona ukuthi imaphi amamojula okufanele alayishwe umuntu wesithathu ozosetshenziswa ohlelweni.

khulula
Izibalo zokusetshenziswa kwememori.

yini q
Umyalo ofunda imingcele etholakala ku-inittab.

insmod
Inika amandla ("imithwalo") imodyuli ebalulwe kulayini, ukuze i- "kernel" ikwazi ukuyisebenzisa. (Isibonelo: insmod ip_alias.o)

ldconfig
Ibuyekeza imitapo yolwazi esetshenziswa uhlelo, kunconywa ukuyisebenzisa njalo lapho kufakwa uhlelo.

lsmod
Ibonisa imininingwane maqondana namamojula anikwe amandla yi-kernel.

khuphuka
Ivumela ukwahlukaniswa kwesistimu, ama-CD-ROM, amaploppy ukuthi kufundwe ohlelweni. Ifomethi yayo: mount -t. Bona futhi / etc / fstab .ón>
smbmountku>
Ngokufana nomyalo we-mount, ngaphandle kokuthi lo myalo usetshenziselwa ukufaka ukwahlukanisa eSamba .ón>
smbumountku>
Kusetshenziselwe ukukhubaza ukwahlukaniswa okusebenze nge-smbmoon>
isethaphuku>
Yethula imenyu yokulungisa amapharamitha wesistimu ahlukahlukene (Umsindo, i-Xwindow, iMouse ..) .on>
shintshaku>
Buyekeza i-database esetshenziselwa ukuthola amafayela ngomyalo wokuthola .ón>
isimoku>
Ibonisa imininingwane enemininingwane mayelana nefayela elicacisiwe njenge: ukuguqulwa nezinsuku zokushintsha, umnikazi wefayela ... njll ku>
imaliku>
Yenza kungasebenzi ukwahlukanisa okukhonjisiwe, imingcele ethathwa yilo myalo iyefana naleyo yentaba .ón>
hlanganisa -aku>
Imininingwane ephelele mayelana ne- «Host» .ón>
isikhathi sokuphumulaku>
Isikhathi samanje, isikhathi lapho uhlelo belusebenza khona kusukela "ekuqaleni kabusha" kokugcina, abasebenzisi abaxhunywe kuseva, ukulayishwa kwesistimu emizuzwini engu-1,5 nengu-15 edlule.
igama lomkhosiku>
Igama le- «Host» .ón>
alikhokhiku>
Lo myalo ukhombisa imininingwane mayelana namazinga okwenza "imibhalo" etholakala kuhla lwemibhalo /etc/rc.d/init.dón>
ku>
Ikhodi:

chkconfig - uhlu httpd Lo myalo ukhombisa: httpd 0 ff 1 ff 2 ff 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 ff

Lokhu okungenhla kukhombisa ukuthi lapho kusetshenziswa i-boot level 3, i-httpd "script" kumkhombandlela we /etc/rc.d/init.d izothola impikiswano ethi "qala", lapho i-boot level 6 isebenza, i-httpd izothola impikiswano " yeka ", njll.

Ukuguqula impikiswano ye- "start":

Ikhodi:

chkconfig --add --level

Ukuguqula uye empikiswaneni "yokumisa":

Ikhodi:

chkconfig --del --level

* Kususelwa ngqo kwizikhombisi /etc/rc.d/rc [0-6] lapho imininingwane elibonisayo livela khona alikhokhi.

ntsysv
Kuyithuluzi lokuqhafaza elinokusebenza okufanayo ne- alikhokhi, umehluko ukuthi leli thuluzi libonisa yonke "imibhalo" ngezinga, okusho ukuthi, uma umyalo ntsysv -level 3 usetshenziswa, igrafu izokhombisa isimo "stop" noma "start" sayo yonke "imibhalo" ye ibhuzu leleveli 3. Ngendlela efanayo, okulandelayo kuyasetshenziswa: ntsysv –level 5, ntsysv –level 0, njll.

Like alikhokhi, ntsysv iguqula futhi ithathe imininingwane etholakala kumikhombandlela /etc/rc.d/rc [0-6-XNUMX]

Imiyalo Yezemvelo Yenethiwekhi

Kwezenethiwekhi Imvelo 

Bamba
Thola ikheli le-IP le- "Host", i-host -a ekhombisa lonke ulwazi lwe-DNS.

ifconfig
Ikuvumela ukuthi ulungiselele i-interface yenethiwekhi futhi ubone isimo sayo. Lokho kusefomini ifconfig, isibonelo: ifconfig eth0

uma
Inika amandla isikhombimsebenzisi esibekiwe, isibonelo: ifup eth0.

uma phansi
Khubaza isikhombimsebenzisi esibekiwe, isibonelo: ifdown eth0.

netstat -a
Konke ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi kuqalile futhi kwamukelwa yi- «Host»

i-netstat -r
Ibonisa ithebula lomzila lohlelo

netstat -i
Izibalo zenethiwekhi zesixhumi esibonakalayo ngasinye

nslookup
Bheka imininingwane kumaseva we-DNS, isibonelo: nslookup -query = mx osomosis.com, uma kungekho mingcele echaziwe ingena kumodi yokusebenzisana

i-ping -s 1016
Ithumela amaphakethe we-ping wama-byte ayi-1024 (iheda ngama-byte ayi-8), kanti i- "default" ingama-512.

engeza umzila
Ivumela ukungeza amatafula omzila kuye nakusuka ku- «Host». Isibonelo: Ukuqondisa lonke ulwazi lwenethiwekhi 206.171.55.16 netmask 255.255.255.240 nge-interface eth0:

Ikhodi:

umzila ungeze -net 206.171.55.16 255.255.255.240 eth0

Ukuhambisa yonke ithrafikhi kusixhumi esibonakalayo esithile ("Isango elizenzakalelayo"):


Ikhodi:

umzila wengeza okuzenzakalelayo gw 206.171.55.51 eth0

Lokhu kuzothumela yonke imininingwane ngekheli elithi 206.171.55.51

umzila -n:
Ibonisa itafula lokuhambisa umzila we- «Host». QAPHELA: "Ukudlulisela phambili i-IP" kufanele KUVULIWE ku / etc / sysconfig / network, futhi ne- "kernel" kumele ilungiselelwe i- "IP Forwarding".

smbclient
Isebenza njengeklayenti le-FTP, elilingisa ukuxhumana okuzokwenziwa ngeSamba.

tcpdump
Ivumela ukulungisa iphutha kokubonakalayo kokusingathwa.

testparm
Bheka ukufaneleka kwefayela le-smb.conf elisetshenziswa yiSamba.

Imiyalo Yokulawulwa Kwenqubo

Inqubo yokulawula:

ps -aux
Ibonisa zonke izinqubo zesistimu, enegama nesikhathi sokuqala.

ukubulala
Isetshenziselwa ukuthumela amasiginali kuzinqubo ze-Unix.
* bulala -HUP: Sayina inqubo ebaliwe ukuze ufunde amafayela wayo wokumisa futhi.
* bulala -INT: Maka inqubo ngenombolo, ezophazamiseka.
* bulala -TERM: Ikhombisa inqubo ngenombolo, okumele iqede, ngokungafani -KILL, le nketho inikeza ithuba enqubeni yokuqeda.
* bulala -STOP: Maka inqubo ngenombolo, imise okwesikhashana.
* bulala -CONT: Khomba inqubo ngenombolo, engiqhubekile nayo, lo myalo usetshenziselwa ukuqhubeka nenqubo esetshenzisiwe -STOP.
* bulala -Bulala: Ikhombisa inqubo ngenombolo, ukuqeda ngokushesha, inqubo iphela ngokungazelelwe.

i-killall Ngokungafani nokubulala, i-killall ikuvumela ukuthi ukhombise inqubo ngegama. Thumela isiginali ye -TERM kule nqubo enegama elicacisiwe. QAPHELA: Ngokuzenzakalelayo isignali ethathwe yi-kill ne-killall yi -TERM.

ps -l Lo myalo ukhombisa amapharamitha amabili i-PRI ne-NI. Ipharamitha ye-PRI ikhombisa okusemqoka manje kwenqubo, ebalwa ngohlelo lokusebenza, inani le-NI liyacatshangelwa lapho kunqunywa i-PRI. * Yini i-NI? : I-NI ibizwa ngokuthi "inombolo enhle", le nombolo icaciswe ngu- "superuser" ("impande") noma umnikazi wenqubo futhi ithinta ukuhleleka kokugcina kwe-PRI, inika kuqala uhlobo oluncane. kusuka ku -20 (ubuncane obuncane = ukubekwa phambili okuningi) kanye no-20 (ukuthamba kakhudlwana = okubaluleke kakhulu)

nice Lo myalo ucacisa inombolo ye-NI yenqubo ngayinye.

* okuhle -10 kuqanjwe: Lokhu kuzokwehlisa ukubekwa phambili kokuqanjwa ngamayunithi ayi-10 (uma bekuyi -10, kuzoya ku -20).
* okuhle +10 kuqanjwe: Lokhu kuzokhulisa ukubekwa phambili kokuqanjwa ngamayunithi ayi-10 (uma bekungu-0, kuzoya ku- +10).

snice futhi renice Umsebenzi ofanayo noweNice, ngaphandle kokuthi usebenzisa inombolo yenqubo:
* isinqa -10

& I & isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi inqubo kufanele isebenze ngemuva.

top Leli thuluzi liqapha izinsiza ezahlukahlukene zohlelo futhi linomlingiswa onamandla, likhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPU ngenqubo ngayinye, inani lememori, isikhathi selokhu saqala, njll. i-vmstat Ifana kakhulu ne- top ngoba kungukuncipha kwenqubo yohlelo, ukuze leli thuluzi libe namandla, izimpikiswano kufanele zicaciswe: vmstat -n

atLo myalo ukuvumela ukuthi uhlele imisebenzi ethile ngesikhathi esithile, isibonelo: ngo-22: 00, umyalo wangaphambilini uvula i- «prompt» yefomu ku->, kule «prompt» yonke imiyalo ofuna ukuyenza icacisiwe, ku leli cala ngo-22: 00, uma sekucacisiwe, sebenzisa i-Ctlrl -d ukuphuma.

Uma sekuqediwe, imiyalo izohlelelwa ukuthi isebenze ngesikhathi esibonisiwe, umkhombandlela we / var / spool / ku-directory uqukethe umsebenzi.

Umyalo we-atq ukhombisa imisebenzi elindile, nomyalo we-atrm

susa umsebenzi ohleliwe ngo-. Bheka futhi /etc/at.deny kanye /etc/at.allow

i-crontabNjengokuthi kucaciswa isikhathi lapho uhlelo lweskripthi luzosebenza khona, i-crontab inefomu elilandelayo: imizuzu amahora izinsuku izinyanga izinyanga_i -_week user_name isitatimende sezimpikiswano
Isibonelo esilandelayo sizoqhuba uhlelo lwe-oracle.pl njalo uhhafu wehora nsuku zonke:

Ikhodi:

30 * * * * impande / usr/oracle.pl

Uma ufuna ukukwenza njalo ngenyanga:

Ikhodi:

01 3 1 * * impande / usr/oracle.pl

Lokhu okungenhla kuzokhipha i-oracle.pl usuku lokuqala lwenyanga ngayinye, ngo-3: 01 AM.

Ukucacisa imisebenzi ye-cron, umsebenzisi ngamunye ugcina ifayili ku / var / spool / cron / lwemibhalo, lo mkhombandlela utholwa ngumsebenzisi ngamunye ngomyalo we-crontab -e

Ukwenziwa kwe-crontab kwenziwa lula ngefayela le- / etc / crontab elicacisa imisebenzi ye-crontab ngehora, usuku, isonto nenyanga, ngale ndlela kudinga kuphela umsebenzisi ukuthi abeke ifayela kuzinkomba ezihambisanayo: /etc/cron.hourly | /etc/cron.daily | /etc/cron.weekly | /etc/cron.nyanga

Imiyalo yamaRekhodi noHlelo

Ukulawulwa kwamaRejista «izingodo» 

umsila
Ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuphela kwefayela, lo myalo uwusizo ngoba amafayela we-log «izingodo» ahlala ekhula umsila –f / var / log / imiyalezo

Ungacacisa futhi nenani lemigqa okufanele ibonwe:

Ikhodi:

tail --f --line 15 / var / log / messages

Lo myalo ongenhla ukhombisa imigqa engu-15 yokugcina yefayela ("default" = 10). I -f igcina ifayela livulekile ukuze ulibuke njengoba kunezelwa imicimbi.

Ukucushwa kwesistimu 
# / usr / sbin / sndconfig: Iyasetshenziswa ukumisa umsindo wohlelo.
# / bin / netconf: Iyasetshenziswa ukusetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-Network Interfaces.

Imiyalo Yezokuphatha

sysctl
Incazelo: Lungiselela amapharamitha we-kernel ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Izibonelo: sysctl -a

ulimi
Incazelo: ikhombisa imikhawulo yohlelo (ubuningi bamafayela avulekile, njll.)
Izibonelo: ulimit

i-adduser
Incazelo: engeza umsebenzisi wesistimu.
Izibonelo: i-adduser pepe, i-adduser -s / bin / pepe yamanga

yomsebenzisi
Incazelo: = susa umsebenzisi ohlelweni
Izibonelo: userdel pepe

usermod
Incazelo: = shintsha umsebenzisi wesistimu
Izibonelo: usermod -s / bin / bash pepe

df
Incazelo: = disk free. isikhala sediski esitholakalayo. Iwusizo kakhulu.
Izibonelo: df, df -h

uname
Incazelo: = unix name. Imininingwane ngohlobo lwe-unix esikuyo, i-kernel, njll.
Izibonelo: uname, uname -a

netstat
Incazelo: imininingwane mayelana nokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi okusebenzayo.
Izibonelo: netstat, netstat -ln, netstat -l, netstat -a

ps
Incazelo: = thola lonke ulwazi mayelana nezinqubo ezisebenzayo.
Izibonelo: ps, ps -axf, ps -A, ps -auxf

khulula
Incazelo: ikhombisa isimo se-RAM ne-SWAP.
Izibonelo: mahhala

ping
Incazelo: ithuluzi lenethiwekhi lokuhlola phakathi kwezinye izinto uma sifinyelela kumbungazi okude.
Izibonelo: ping www.rediris.es

i-traceroute
Incazelo: ithuluzi lenethiwekhi elisikhombisa indlela yokuya komunye umshini.
Izibonelo: traceroute www.rediris.es

du
Incazelo: = ukusetshenziswa kwediski. ukusetshenziswa kwediski. Ibonisa isikhala okuhlala kuso kudiski.
Izibonelo: du *, du -sH / *, du -sH / njll

ifconfig
Incazelo: = interface interface. ukumiswa kokuhlangana kwenethiwekhi, amamodemu, njll.
Izibonelo: ifconfig, ifconfig eth0 ip netmask 255.255.255.0

umzila
Incazelo: ilawula imizila eya kwamanye amanethiwekhi.
Izibonelo: umzila, umzila -n

iptraf
Incazelo: ibonisa YONKE IP, UDP, i-ICMP traffic network kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-console.
Ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwezihlungi, futhi IWUSIZO KAKHULU ekutholeni nasekulungiseni izingcingo zomlilo
Izibonelo: iptraf

tcpdump
Incazelo: ilahla okuqukethwe kuthrafikhi yenethiwekhi.
Izibonelo: tcpdump, tcpdump -u

lsof
Incazelo: ikhombisa amafayela (imitapo yolwazi, ukuxhumana) okusetshenziswa inqubo ngayinye
Izibonelo: lsof, lsof -i, lsof | ifayela le-grep

lsmod
Incazelo: Ibonisa amamojula we-kernel alayishiwe.
Izibonelo: lsmod

imvulive
Incazelo: Izama ukufaka imodyuli, uma iyithola, yifake kepha okwesikhashana.
Izibonelo: modprobe ip_tables, modprobe eepro100

rmmod
Incazelo: Susa amamojula we-kernel alayishiwe
Izibonelo: rmmod

ukuhogela
Incazelo: I-Sniffer noma i-snooper yawo wonke ama-traffic network. Akuvamile ukufakwa ngokuzenzakalela.
Izibonelo: sniffit -i

abanye

ls
Incazelo: = list. uhlu lwemibhalo okuqukethwe.
Izibonelo: ls, ls -l, ls -fl, ls –color

cp
Incazelo: = copy. kopisha amafayela / izinkomba.
Izibonelo: cp -rfp / tmp directory, cp file new_file

rm
Incazelo: = Susa. susa amafayela / izinkomba.
Izibonelo: rm -f file, rm -rf directory, rm -i file

mkdir
Incazelo: = make dir. dala izinkomba.
Izibonelo: mkdir directory

sibhabha
Incazelo: = susa i-dir. susa izinkomba, kumele zingabi nalutho.
Izibonelo: isiqondisi se-rmdir

mv
Incazelo: = move. qamba kabusha noma uhambise amafayela / izinkomba.
Izibonelo: mv directory directory, mv file new_name, mv file a_directory

Usuku
Incazelo: Ukuphathwa kosuku lwesistimu, kungabukwa futhi kusethwe.
Izibonelo: usuku, usuku 10091923

umlando
Incazelo: ikhombisa umlando wemiyalo efakwe ngumsebenzisi.
Izibonelo: umlando | Okuningi

Okuningi
Incazelo: ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwefayela elinekhefu yonke imigqa engama-25.
Izibonelo: ifayela elingaphezulu

i-grep
Incazelo: ihlunga okuqukethwe yifayela.
Izibonelo: ifayela lekati | intambo ye-grep

cat
Incazelo: ikhombisa konke okuqukethwe yifayela ngaphandle kokuphumula.
Izibonelo: ifayela lekati

chmod
Incazelo: shintsha izimvume zokufunda / ukubhala / ukusebenzisa amafayela / izinkomba.
Izibonelo: chmod + r file, chmod + w directory, chmod + rw directory -R, chmod -r file

chown
Incazelo: = shintsha umnikazi. shintsha izimvume zomsebenzisi: amafayela weqembu / izinkomba.
Izibonelo: impande ye-chown: ifayela lempande, i-chown pello: isiqondisi sabasebenzisi -R

i-tar
Incazelo Yento: = I-Tape ARchiver. isilondolozi sefayela.
Izibonelo: tar cvf file.tar directory, tar xvf file.tar, tar zcvf file.tgz directory, tar zxvf file.tgz

izibhamu
Incazelo: I-decompressor ehambisanayo ye-ZIP.
Izibonelo: ifayela le-gunzip

ngomzuzu
Incazelo: Umphathi wephakheji weRedhat. Ukufaka noma ukuvuselela isoftware yesistimu.
Izibonelo: rpm -i package.rpm, rpm -qa program, rpm –force package.rpm, rpm -q –info programme

khuphuka
Incazelo: mount hard drive, floppy, cdrom.
Izibonelo: mount / dev / hda2 / mnt / lnx, mount / dev / hdb1 / mnt -t vfat

imali
Incazelo: ukuqaqa amayunithi.
Izibonelo: umount / dev / hda2, umount / mnt / lnx

wget
Incazelo: Uhlelo lokulanda amafayela nge-http noma I-ftp.
Izibonelo: wget http://www.rediris.es/documento.pdf

lynx
Incazelo: isiphequluli sewebhu ngezinketho ze-ftp, i-https.
Izibonelo: i-lynx www.ibercom.com, i-lynx -source http://www.ibercom.com/script.sh | sh

ftp
Incazelo: ikhasimende I-FTP.
Izibonelo: ftp ftp.ibercom.com

ubani
Incazelo: domain whois.
Izibonelo: whois ibercom.com

ngubani
Incazelo: Ibonisa abasebenzisi bohlelo abangene ngemvume.
Izibonelo: ubani, w, ngingubani

imeyili
Incazelo: ukuthumela nokufunda i-imeyili.
Izibonelo: imeyili pepe@ibercom.com <ifayela, imeyili -v pepe@ibercom.com <ifayela
ukhanda
Incazelo: hlunga okuqukethwe kwefayela.
Izibonelo: ikati / njll / izinombolo | uhlobo, ls | hlunga

ln
Incazelo: = link. ukwakha izixhumanisi, izinqamuleli.
Izibonelo: ln -s / directory link

umsila
Incazelo: ikhombisa ukuphela (imigqa eyi-10) yefayela.
Izibonelo: umsila -f / var / log / maillog, umsila -100 / var / log / maillog | Okuningi

ikhanda
Incazelo: ikhombisa unhlokweni (imigqa eyi-10) yefayela.
Izibonelo: ifayela eliyinhloko, ikhanda -100 / var / log / maillog | Okuningi

ifayela
Incazelo: isitshela ukuthi luhlobo luni lwefayela.
Izibonelo: ifayela lefayela, ifayela *

Umthombo: UCristalab