UMatthew Garrett usanda kwenza i-athikili ethokozisayo echaza Izivumelwano Zamalayisense Omkhokhintela, ezahlanganiswa ngu I-Muktware. Ngizobhala ngokususelwa kuma-athikili ama-2.
Izivumelwano Zelayisense Lomkhokhi Wentela (“CLAs”) ziyindlela yomqambi wenyakatho yokugcizelela ukuthi abakhokhi bentela babanikeze isethi eyengeziwe yamalungelo. Lokhu kuyahlukahluka - amanye ama-CLA adinga ukuthi umnikeli anikeze kabusha amalungelo akhe okushicilela ekunikelweni konjiniyela osenyakatho, amanye avele anikeze unjiniyela ongenhla ilungelo lamalungelo angacacisiwe kwilayisense le-software (njengemvume ecacile ye-patent ye-BSD umnikelo onelayisense).
Ama-CLA asetshenziswa ngaphezu kwanoma yini ukuvikela umkhiqizo noma iphrojekthi njengabasabalalisi. Ukube bengizosabalalisa isoftware enekhodi evela kubanikeli abaningana, ngaphandle kwe-CLA bengingeke ngibe nelungelo lokuvikela iphrojekthi ezimweni ezingqubuzanayo, ngoba abalobi beminikelo kuphela abangangenelela. Okwenziwa ama-CLA ukunginikeza, njengomsabalalisi, amalungelo athile ngale khodi ukuze ngiyivikele ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba ngamunye wabanikeli angenelele. Kuba lula uma iphrojekthi inamakhulu abanikeli.
Ama-CLA awamasha. Amaphrojekthi we-FSF bane-CLA yabo lapho abanikeli kumele banikeze ubuqambi babo kwi-FSF futhi ngokuthembisa bathembisa ukuthi leyo khodi izohlala ingaphansi kwelayisensi yohlobo lwe-GPL. Okweminyaka eyishumi, amaphrojekthi we-Apache Software Foundation adinga abanikeli ku- sayina i-CLA lokho kubavumela ukuthi bagcine ilungelo labo lobunikazi, kepha kunika i-ASF ilungelo lokuphinda banikeze ilayisense lokunikela kwabo ngaphansi kwanoma iyiphi ilayisensi. Ngokufanayo, ilayisense le-Apache akuyona i-copyleft.
Manje, muva nje konke ukufutheka ukushaya iCanonical ye-CLA yayo. Ngasiphi isizathu? Uma ubheka amaphrojekthi asebenzisa ama-CLA, iningi ngamaphrojekthi anamalayisense e-BSD noma ama-Apache, kanti ambalwa anamalayisense e-GPL athembisa ukuthi noma yimuphi umnikelo uzokwabiwa kuphela ngaphansi kwelayisense ye-GPL. Lokho wukuthi, noma ngubani angazenzela imfoloko yakhe, noma akekho noyedwa kubo owenzayo.
I-CLA yeCanonical ifana ne-Apache, okungukuthi, idinga abanikeli bayo ukuthi basayine isivumelwano esivumela iCanonical ukuthi iphinde ilayisense iminikelo yabo ngaphansi kwanoma iyiphi ilayisensi futhi abanikeli bagcine ubunikazi. Inkinga ukuthi isoftware engaphansi kwe-CLA yakho yi-GPLv3. Bona ukuthi yini engenzeka futhi uzobona ukuthi kungani abanikeli abaningi besaba kangaka ukufaka isandla kumaphrojekthi afana neMir, Unity, Upstart, LightDM, Ubuntu One namanye amaphrojekthi we-Ubuntu.
Kodwa-ke, lokho akukubi futhi. Kungani? Ngoba i-shit efanayo yiyo eyavumela ukuthi kukhishwe ikhodi ye-QT. Izwi likaStallman:
Ukuthengisa okuhlukile kusho ukuthi umnikazi wekhodi we-copyright ukhipha ikhodi ngaphansi kwelayisense ye-software yamahhala, futhi avumela amakhasimende ukuthi akhokhele imvume yokusebenzisa ikhodi efanayo ngaphansi kwemigomo ehlukile, ngokwesibonelo evumela ukufakwa kwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zobunikazi. Lokhu kwehlukile kuzandiso zokuphathelene noma izinhlobo zokuphathelene zohlelo lwamahhala. Lapho okuhlukile kuthengiswa, ikhodi ihlala ikhululekile emphakathini. Kepha isandiso sebhizinisi sihlala singabanikazi.
Imvelo ye-KDE yathuthukiswa ngama-90s kususelwa kwimitapo yolwazi ye-Qt. I-Qt kwakuyi-software ephathelene ngaleso sikhathi, kanti abakwaTrollTech babekhokhisa izimvume zokuyifaka kuzicelo zokuphathelene. I-TrollTech ivumele ukusetshenziswa kwamahhala kwe-Qt kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zamahhala, kepha lokhu bekungeyona isoftware yamahhala. Amasistimu wokusebenza wamahhala ayi-100% ngakho-ke awakwazanga ukufaka i-Qt, futhi akakwazanga ukusebenzisa i-KDE.
Ngo-1998, abaphathi beTrollTech babona ukuthi bangabuyela kusoftware yamahhala ye-QT bese beqhubeka nokukhokhisa izimvume zokuyifaka kusoftware ephathelene. Angiqiniseki ukuthi isiphakamiso besingeyami yini, kepha ngijabule ukubona ushintsho, olwenzile ukuthi i-QT ne-KDE zisetshenziswe emhlabeni wesoftware wamahhala. Ekuqaleni basebenzise ilayisense yabo, i-Q Public License futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bayishintshela kwi-GNU GPL (manje eyi-QT ingaphansi kwe-LGPL).
Ukuthengisa okwehlukile kuncike ekusebenziseni ilayisensi ye-copyleft, njenge-GNU GPL, ukuze ikhishwe njengesoftware yamahhala. Ilayisensi ye-copyleft ivumela ukushumeka kuhlelo olukhudlwana kuphela uma lonke uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lukhishwa ngaphansi kwelayisense efanayo; le yindlela eqinisekisa ngayo ukuthi izinhlobo ezinwetshiwe nazo zimahhala. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi abafuna ukwenza umnikazi wohlelo ohlangene badinga imvume ekhethekile. Ngumnikazi kuphela onganikeza imvume enjalo, futhi ukuthengisa okuhlukile kungenye indlela yokwenza lokho. Noma ngubani omunye umuntu, othole ikhodi ngaphansi kwe-GNU GPL noma enye ilayisense ye-copyleft, akakwazi ukunikeza okuhlukile.
Ebuyela kudaba lukaGarrett, uGreg Kroah-Hartman ubeke amazwana ukuvuma ne-athikili, kunalokho ukuthi ama-CLA "Amalungiselelo Wokukhawulela Umphakathi." Kodwa uLinus uyaqhubeka athi “Ukukhuluma iqiniso, abantu bathanda ukuzonda iCanonical. Ama-CLAs e-FSF ne-ASF nawo ephukile, hhayi ngenxa yokunikezwa kabusha kwamalayisense kepha ngenxa yokuthi amaphepha okunikezwa kwamalungelo obunikazi agcina ebulele umphakathi. "
Yonke le ndatshana ibhalwe ngokususelwa empikiswaneni yeSystemd vs Upstart kanye ne- ukwenqatshwa kabanzi kwe-CLA yeCanonical ngalabo abasekela ukuhleleka, obekungeke kuvele uma kungengenxa yalokhu nangenxa yezizathu zokwakha.
Lokhu kungikhumbuza izinkontileka ezenziwa ngabaculi zokuqopha amalebula. Ngamanye amagama, umhlaba we-copyleft ubuye ube nabalamuli.
Iqiniso ngukuthi ukuphatha okuningi kwi-CLA kubangela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamaphutha lwenziwe.
Ngaphandle kwe-CLA, kubonakala sengathi i-upstart inamaphutha amahle kakhulu wokuklama futhi:
https://lwn.net/Articles/582585/
I-Upstart ayinakuqhathaniswa ngejubane nokuphathwa kwezinsizakalo nge-systemd, i-systemd kude inesakhiwo sokuqala esihle, ukusetshenziswa kwamaqoqo, insiza eyenza ngcono kakhulu ukulawulwa kwezinqubo ngezingxenye ze-kernel, ukuphatha okungcono nokulula kwezinsizakalo, ukuhlanganiswa izinsizakalo ezifana ne-DBus ngenxa ye-DBus API yayo, njengoba wazi ukuthi i-DBus isetshenziswa kakhulu yi-GNOME futhi amaphrojekthi afana ne-KDE ne-XFCE asevele enezinhlelo zokwelula ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuzinguqulo ezizayo, ukuxhaswa kwezihlalo eziningi ngokuzenzakalela ku-TTY, ukuphatha kangcono amalungelo kubasebenzisi, ukusekelwa okugcwele kwe-watchdog futhi okuhle kunakho konke ukuqalisa kwensizakalo okufaniswayo.
Lezi izinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kokubuka kwami.
Kimi lapho ngiqala nge-ssd, leyo eqala ngokushesha ngamawindows 8.1 ukubona kuyakholelwa futhi kuqala futhi ukuhleleka kuthatha isikhathi esifanayo.
Bengingaqondi okuningi, kubonakala kuyindaba ebucayi ngamalayisense. Kufanele ufunde ngokwanele ngaleso sikhathi ngaphambi kokubambisana nephrojekthi noma uyiqale.