Ungasiguqula kanjani isistimu yefayela isuke ku "/" futhi ungafi ngokuzama

Izolo ngithole indlela enzima eyodwa ye- "Izici" uhlelo lwefayela btrfs. Kungenxa yokuthi ngezizathu engingazi ngokusebenza kwayo, btrfs kuvame ukugcwalisa idiski ngaphezu kwalokho okuyalelwa yimiyalo dd noma izikali zokugcwalisa idiski zabaphathi befayela abavamile.

Ungazi kanjani ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lwefayela oluthatha isikhala esingakanani ngama-btrfs

Noma ngubani onesistimu yefayela ene btrfs Uzokwazi ukwazi ukuthi idatha yakho ithatha indawo eyengeziwe ngokuthayipha ku-console (njengezimpande engicabanga ukuthi):

btrfs uhlelo lwefayela show /

(Buyisela / ngenye iphuzu lokuphakama uma ufuna ukwazi isikhala ekunye ukwahlukaniswa kwe-btrfs)

Esigabeni esikhulu lokhu kufakwa okungeziwe akuyona inkinga enkulu, ngoba kuyisikhala esincane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nengqikithi. Kepha kimi, lapho / ine-22GB (inesilondolozi se-ssd), idiski yami enzima igcwaliswe nge-8 GB mahhala, yephula imininingwane ye-rpm futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikhubaze umphathi wephakheji. Ngakho-ke ngaphoqeleka ukufometha nolunye uhlelo lwefayela.

Kepha bengingafuni ukufaka kabusha. Ngokusobala, idatha esekhaya ingagcinwa kalula, kepha eyodwa inezinhlelo eziningi ezifakiwe ku / nezilungiselelo eziningi ezihlala lapho, ngakho-ke ngithathe isinqumo sokugcina ukufakwa kepha ngishintshe uhlelo lwefayela.

Isizathu sokuthi ngibhale lokhu kungenxa yokuthi angitholanga mibhalo yokuthi ngiqhubeka kanjani kulawa macala. Ngicabanga ukuthi iningi labantu lihlelela ukufaka kabusha.

Bekufanele ngichithe cishe amahora ayi-7 ngisesha futhi ngifunisisa imininingwane kumabhukwana esiNgisi empeleni ahlobene nezinye izinto futhi ngenza izicucu ngokuhlangana; ukulingwa nephutha ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngiqala kabusha izikhathi eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi into ngayinye engiyizamile yehlulekile ngokulandelana. Lapho inqubo empeleni ibingeke ibe nencwajana enikelwe kuyo.

Ukucatshangelwa okufanele kubhekelwe ukushintsha uhlelo lwefayela le- "/"

Okokuqala: Ngenze le nqubo ku- Fedora. Ngicabanga ukuthi kusebenza ngokufanayo kukho konke ukwabiwa okwabelana ikakhulu ukuba nakho njenge-bootloader GRUB2.

Okwesibili: Le nqubo i difícil Okomsebenzisi ojwayelekile (labo abafunda lokhu futhi bacabange ukuthi yi-bullshit bayazi ukuthi anibona abasebenzisi abavamile) Abantu bavame ukuba nezinto ezingcono abangazenza kunokushintsha uhlelo lwefayela lokwahlukanisa izimpande. Uma ungazi ukuthi ungayilandela kanjani le ncwajana, ubeka engcupheni yokulahlekelwa ukufakwa kwakho, futhi uma ukwazi ukuyifeza, uzothola ukuthi ushintsho ekusebenzeni alumangalisi kangako (Kulungile, kwabanye lukhona, kepha anibona abasebenzisi abavamile) ngikwenze ngokuqondile ngaphandle kwesidingo, yize kufanele ngivume ukuthi ngingomunye walabo ababeka ikhompyutha yakho ukuqala umzuzwana ngokushesha.

Okwesithathu: Njengoba le nqubo kungeyona eyabasebenzisi abajwayelekile, ngizocabanga ukuthi umfundi unolwazi oluthile lwe-GNU / Linux nokuthi ngeke anqene ukufuna eminye imininingwane.

Inqubo yokushintsha uhlelo lwefayela lwe "/"

Noma ngabe ufuna ukushintsha uhlelo lwefayela ngaphandle kwesidingo noma ngenxa yesithukuthezi, nansi inqubo:

1.- Kusobala ukuthi ukuze uhlelo lwethu olusha lwefayela lusebenze kufanele sibe namathuluzi okusisiza siluphathe, ngakho-ke lokhu yinto yokuqala esizoyenza. Uhlelo lwefayela engilukhethe ngendlela, kwaba xfs, ngakho-ke bekufanele ngifake "Ama-Xfsprogs" y "Xfsdump". Uzofaka noma yini oyifunayo kuye ngohlelo lwefayela ofuna ukulusebenzisa.

2.- Bhuqa kusuka ku-livecd / usb bese ukopisha konke okuqukethwe ukwahlukaniswa kwezimpande kwenye ingxenye noma idiski. Indlela oyikhethayo ayinandaba, kepha into yakhe ukukwenza ngamalungelo ezimpande, ukuze ungatholi amafayela noma izinkomba ezinezimvume ezikhethekile.

3.- Isinyathelo lapho i - "/" ifomethwe kahle ngohlelo lwefayela esilukhethayo. Kunezindlela eziningi, khetha eyodwa oyithanda kakhulu.

4.- Ikhophi esiyenzile wokwahlukanisa izimpande libuyiselwe ekuhlukaneni okusanda kufomathwa.

5.- Yisikhathi lapho umsebenzisi kufanele aqale ukwenza ingxenye yakhe. Ukufometha ukwahlukanisa kuguqula okokuhlonza okusetshenziswa uhlelo olusebenzayo ukwazi ukuthi yiluphi ukwahlukanisa okufanele lukhuphuke. Lona ngu \ It \ him I-UUID, futhi sidinga ukuyazi leyo khodi.

Kunezindlela eziningi, kepha ngokwesibonelo, ku- "Gparted", sizokwazi ngokuchofoza kwesokudla kuhlukaniso olusha "/" bese uchofoza ku- "Ulwazi". Sikopisha leyo khodi futhi kulapho-ke lapho sizohlela khona ifayela / etc / fstab:

UUID = 36f3ce91-5138-4293-8571-b5b43f6b4646 / xfs okuzenzakalelayo, isikhathi sasemini, ukulahla, ukuhlonipha

Lesi yisibonelo esikhombisa umugqa ohambelana nokwahlukanisa izimpande kwami ​​okusha sha. Ikhodi ebonakala ngakwesokudla kwe- I-UUID = yilokho esizokufaka esikhundleni sethu I-UUID.

Uma sesikwenzile, impela kufanele sikhombise uhlelo lwefayela olusha lokwahlukanisa kwethu, xfs kimi noma ngiwuthathe esikhundleni sakho ufake olunye uhlelo lwefayela. Kufanele futhi ubeke izinketho ezintsha zokufaka: Uma ungazi ukuthi uzofaka ini, beka "Okuzenzakalelayo"; isikhathi sasemini kwandisa ukusebenza ngokuncipha kokubhala, lahla ukuncipha kubhalela amadiski e-ssd, kukhulisa impilo yabo ende.

6.- Yilapho i-fucking yangempela iqala khona futhi lapho ngabambeka khona. Akunzima kangako impela, kepha cishe akukho mibhalo kusuka kuleli phuzu kuqhubeke.

Sidinga ukwakha kabusha imenyu ye-Grub ukuze iqale kahle uhlelo lokusebenza. Bengingeke ngazi ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani ngesandla, ungazama njengoba ngenzile (ngashintsha ama-UUID nokunye okunjalo) kepha into ejwayelekile ukuthi ukuqala kwe-OS kuyama ku "shell shell ephuthumayo" emnandi nethemba

Ngenhlanhla, i-grub2 ingumnikazi wethuluzi "Grub2-mkconfig" owenza ngokuzenzakalela lo msebenzi uthatha njengezimpawu zesistimu lapho isebenza khona. Inkinga ukuthi, bheka kuphi, uhlelo lapho lusebenza khona akuyona uhlelo oluqondiwe, kanti olokugcina alusebenzi okwesikhashana.

Ngakho-ke kudingeka sikwenze impumu bese ufaka uchungechunge lwezihlukanisi ezikhethekile ukusebenzisa leli thuluzi, ngaphandle kwalo ngeke kusebenze. Inqubo yokwenza lokhu ayichazwanga kahle cishe kuzo zonke izindawo (okungasho ukuthi abazi ukuthi bangakwenza kanjani, kepha ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi singama-supercracks wekhompyutha)

Ngenhlanhla lapha: http://askubuntu.com/questions/28099/ho … ll-kernels Ngithole incazelo ehlekisayo ngale ndaba, engizoyifingqa bese ngiyayihumusha:

1. Khweza / futhi / dev:

ukukhweza / dev / sda1 / mnt ukukhweza --bopha / dev / mnt / dev

Lapho i- "sda1" ithathelwa indawo yile ehambelana nokwahlukanisa izimpande, uma kungeyona i- "sda1"

1. Mount / boot kanye / boot / efi, eyokugcina uma sinehlukaniso se-EFI.

ukukhweza / dev / sda2 / mnt / boot

Lapho i- "sda2" ithathelwa indawo yile ehambelana nesehlukaniso sebhuthi, uma kungeyona i- "sda2"

Umhlangano we-efi awufiki kusixhumanisi esingenhla, kuyinto yami kepha kulokhu bengiyidinga. Uma ungenaso ukwahlukanisa kwe-EFI, kushaye indiva lokhu.

ukukhweza / dev / sda3 / mnt / boot / efi

Lapho i- "sda3" ithathelwa indawo yile ehambelana nesehlukaniso sebhuthi, uma kungeyona i- "sda3"

1. Chroot nezinye izinto, empeleni okuwukuphela kwento engiyaziyo ngalezo zinto ukuthi ziyadingeka:

chroot / mnt mount -t proc none / proc mount -t sysfs none / sys mount -t devpts none / dev / pts export HOME = / izimpande ukuthekelisa LC_ALL = C

Lokhu ukwengeza kwami, kungadingeka entweni eyodwa kamuva:

ukukhweza -t tmpfs tmpfs / run

7.- grub2-mkconfig

Yebo, cishe sekuyisikhathi senkanyezi. Kufanele sibheke ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi "grub.cfg" ngaphakathi kokuhlukanisa i-boot. Ngokwami ​​indlela yayo ingu / boot / defi / EFI / fedora / grub.cfg

Lapho sesikutholile, sigijima endaweni eyi-chroot:

i-grub2-mkconfig -o /path/a/grub.cfg

Futhi ekugcineni silungele imenyu ye-grub.

8.- Vuselela ama-initramfs.

Lesi sinyathelo engicabanga ukuthi siyadingeka, kepha angiqinisekile. Noma kunjalo, kwanele ukufaka kabusha i-kernel esiyifunayo noma ukuyenza:

dracut --force / path / to / file / initramfs / that / we / want / to replace

isibonelo:

dracut --force /boot/initramfs-3.15.9-200.fc20.x86_64.img

Vele, konke lokhu kungaphakathi kwemvelo ye-chroot. (futhi uma kungenjalo, buyela ebhokisini lokuphuma, er ... kugobolondo le «eziphuthumayo»)

I-PS: Ngikhohliwe ukuthi ngenzeni ukufinyelela i-Intanethi endaweni eyi-chroot, uma kwenzeka ufuna ukufaka i-kernel kabusha. Isixhumanisi esingenhla sichaza kahle kakhulu: Kufanele uvule i-terminal entsha bese ukopisha lawa mafayela:

cp / mnt / etc / hosts /mnt/etc/hosts.old cp / etc / hosts / mnt / etc / hosts cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf

9.- Thola ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi:

Kumele ukopishe lawa mafayela alandelayo, imidwebo noma nge-console, esimweni sokugcina ngaphandle kwemvelo ye-chroot. Kungenziwa kusuka kwesinye isiginali noma ngokuphuma endaweni eyi-chroot, bese ungena kabusha.

cp / mnt / etc / hosts /mnt/etc/hosts.old cp / etc / hosts / mnt / etc / hosts cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf

10.- Faka kabusha i-kernel:

Sifaka kabusha i-kernel ngaphakathi kwemvelo ye-chroot nomphathi wethu wephakheji

11.- SETHA KABUSHA AAR :: DD

Leli phuzu kufanele libe ukuphela kokwabiwa "okujwayelekile", ngokusatshalaliswa ne-SELinux, njengoba kunjalo kimi, le nto yathatha isikhashana.

Noma ukuqalisa kuye ekugcineni futhi ngazama ukuqala uhlelo lokuqhafaza, akuzange, futhi lapho ngizama ukungena ngemvume njengomsebenzisi noma njengempande kuzothi "imvume inqatshiwe".

Ngifunde okuthile ngayo futhi ngokusho komuntu oyedwa inkinga kungaba yi-selinux, futhi wasikisela ukubeka i-selinux = 0 ekugcineni komugqa webhuthi ku-grub.cfg, kanjena:

imenyuentry 'Fedora, eneLinux 3.15.9-200.fc20.x86_64' --class fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $ menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.15.9-200..fc20 .x86_64-advanced-36f3ce91-5138-4293-8571-b5b43f6b4646 '{load_video set gfxpayload = keep insmod gzio insmod part_gpt insmod ext2 set root =' hd1, gpt2 'if [x $ feature_platform_search_hint = xy]; bese useshe --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set = root --hint-bios = hd1, gpt2 --hint-efi = hd1, gpt2 --hint-baremetal = ahci1, gpt2 1cd04509-ab7c-4074- I-8bab-e170c29fe08e enye ukusesha --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set = impande 1cd04509-ab7c-4074-8bab-e170c29fe08e fi linuxefi / vmlinuz-3.15.9-200.fc20.x86_64 impande = UUID = 36f3ce91-5138 -4293-8571-b5b43f6b4646 ro rd.md = 0 rd.lvm = 0 rd.dm = 0 vconsole.keymap = en rd.luks = 0 vconsole.font = latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb ethule selinux = 0 initrdefi /initramfs-3.15.9. 200-20.fc86.x64_XNUMX.img

Bheka umugqa wokugcina uye kwesokudla.

Angikwenzanga ngqo, uma kungenjalo ngivele ngahlela ukungena kwebhuthi kwimenyu ye-grub uqobo, ukuze kube ukuguqulwa kwesikhashana, ngicabanga ukuthi kwenziwa ngokucindezela i- «c» noma i- «e», kumenyu ye-grub ongakwenza kwenze. izindawo.

Siyakwenza lokho bese siqala kabusha, noma siqhubeke nge-boot.

12.- Isibani ekugcineni komhubhe.

Uma besingakwazi ngqo esinyathelweni esedlule, sikulesi sinyathelo sokuqala lapho singafinyelela khona ideskithophu yethu ejwayelekile. I-toast yomdlalo wethu omkhulu, kepha yebo SELinux Sesikulile, asikaqedi okwamanje

Kufanele sihlele kabusha i-grub.cfg ukuze sisuse i- "selinux = 0" noma simane siqale kabusha ngokujwayelekile uma esikwenzile kube ukuhlela ukuhlela imenyu ye-grub. Iqiniso ngukuthi siqala kabusha nge-SELinux eyenziwe yasebenza.

Bese kuthi ekugcineni kokuqala kuphume okuthile okufanele uphinde usebenzise inqubomgomo ye I-SELinux ihlosiwe, siyishiya yodwa futhi uma isiqedile izoqala kabusha.

Sizobona ukuthi uhlelo lwethu luzoqala, lubonise ideskithophu yethu ejwayelekile, nge-SELinux isebenze, uhlelo lwethu lwefayela lushintshiwe nazo zonke izinhlelo zethu ezisebenza ngokuphelele.

Lokhu kungukuphela kwemanuwali, ngiyethemba ukuthi iyakusiza

ACTUALIZACIÓN: Lapho ngenza lokhu okokuqala ngangingazi futhi ngenza isinyathelo sokuvuselela ama-initramfs ngabe sengifaka kabusha i-kernel futhi yonke yayinokudideka okukhulu futhi ekugcineni yasebenza cishe ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi kungani, futhi ngazinikeza zombili izinketho ngokulingana njengokuhle, noma kunjalo ukuvuselela ama-initramf akusebenzi futhi sengikudlulisile. Ukuphela kwento esebenzayo ukufaka kabusha i-kernel (ngisola ukuthi amaphakheji we-kernel ne-kernel-core kuFedora) yingakho ngiguqule ibhukwana.

Futhi ngifuna ukwengeza ukuthi ukushintsha ifomethi yohlelo lwefayela lokwahlukanisa kwasekhaya izinyathelo ezifanayo ziyadingeka, angazi ukuthi i-selinux iyadingeka yini, kepha uma ingasebenzi ne-selinux iyasuswa okwesikhashana futhi yilokho kuphela.

Isithombe esifakiwe esithathwe ku- lapha.