Yini ehlukanisa ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU / Linux kokunye?

Umhlaba we-GNU / Linux ubanzi kakhulu kepha ujwayeleke kakhulu. Umqondo wemvelo yedeskithophu, iphakethe, kanye nomkhombandlela wezimpande ujwayelekile kubasebenzisi abaningi; ngokumangazayo, lezi zinto azikhethi phakathi kokusabalalisa okukodwa nokunye. Ngakho-ke noma nini lapho ngifunda ngokusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux okuthembisa ukuthi kuzoba "okuhlukile", ngiyazibuza:yini eyenza kwehluke kokunye okukhona? Ngaphansi kwalokho nemingcele i-podemos hlukanisa ngempela komunye Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU / Linux phakathi kwezinkulungwane lo mhlaba osinikeza zona?

Amaphakheji nezimenenja zawo

Yize uhlelo olufanayo lungatholakalela ukusatshalaliswa okuyizinkulungwane, iphakethe efakwe ngalo ngakunye kungahluka. Uma sikhuluma ngephakheji sibhekisa kufomethi noma ukunwetshwa kwefayela, okusetshenziswa uhlelo lokusebenza ukufaka uhlelo. Ukuze ukusatshalaliswa kukwazi ukusebenzisa leli fayela, kufanele futhi kube nomphathi wephakeji, onamathuluzi wokufaka, ukuguqula noma ukususa lolu hlelo. Lokhu kubalulekile, ngoba yize izinhlelo zingaguquki phakathi kokusatshalaliswa kokunye (okusho ukuthi, iMozilla Firefox izohlala iFirefox kukho konke ukwabiwa) kungenzeka ukuthi uma iphakethe elisetshenziselwe ukulifaka liyashintsha.

Amanye amafomethi wephakeji yilawa:

• deb: isetshenziswe ngabakwaDebian kanye nokuphuma kwayo.
• I-RPM: (Red Hat Package Manager) evela kuRed Hat futhi isetshenziswe kakhulu ngabanye abaningi abanjengoFedora, OpenSUSE, Mandriva, Mageia nabanye.
• I-PISI: ivela kuPardus.
• MO: kusuka kuSlax.
• I-PUP ne-PET: I-Puppy Linux.
• .txz: I-Slackware

Abanye babaphathi bephakeji abadume kakhulu:

• I-APT (i-terminal) ne-Synaptic (graphic): isetshenziswe ngabakwa-Debian kanye nokuphuma kwayo.
• I-Zypper (i-terminal) ne-YaST (graphical): umphathi we-OpenSUSE.
• I-YUM: I-Fedora ne-Yellow Dog Linux.
• I-Pacman: I-Arch Linux.
• dpkg - ekuqaleni eyenziwe nguDebian.
• I-Urpmi: UMandriva noMageia.
• up2date: Isigqoko Esibomvu.
• i-slapt-get, i-slackpkg, ne-swaret - "Amathuluzi" ahlukahlukene uSlackware awasebenzisayo ukusebenza namaphakheji we-tgz.

Ingabe kubalulekile ukuthi ngiguqule umphathi wephakeji phakathi kokusabalalisa? Yebo. Iqiniso lokuthi unquma ngomphathi oyedwa ukulimaza abanye kusho ukuthi ufuna ukuphathwa kahle kwamaphakeji azofakwa. Ngamafuphi, umphathi wephakeji uchaza ingxenye enkulu ye- "essence" yokusabalalisa, futhi kuyiphuzu elihle kakhulu okufanele ulicabangele ukulihlukanisa kokunye. Ngeke ngixoxe ngokuthi yikuphi okungcono, yize kunezibonelo eziningana kwi-inthanethi zalokho engikubiza ngokuthi "impi yokufaneleka - zypper - yum" lapho abalandeli be-SUSE bememezela khona ukuthi iZypper isengcono kakhulu.

Ukunweba: http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=package-management

Ukusetshenziswa

Esinye isihloko esiphindaphindwa kaningi yizinga lesipiliyoni esidinga ukuthi silisebenzise ukusabalalisa. Kwenzeka kaningi lapho kunconywa ukwabiwa kwama-newbies, noma njengoba sizobe senzekile ngokusatshalaliswa kwethu kokuqala, lapho sivame ukuzwa “singaphuphi nokuphupha ngokuzama uGentoo ebhokisini” noma “Ubuntu kuyindlela enhle okufanele uqale ngayo” .

Ubunzima bokusebenzisa ukusatshalaliswa bulinganiselwa ngokuya nge:

• inani lezinto ezinikezwayo.
• inani lomsebenzi okufanele wenziwe nge-console ngayinye (lapho kungekho ezinye izindlela zokuqhafaza zalowo msebenzi).
• ubunzima bokufakwa.
• ivolumu yokucushwa okufanele yenziwe ngemuva kokufakwa kokusatshalaliswa.
• uma ngesikhathi sokufakwa kuyadingeka ukumisa ukwahlukaniswa kwediski noma lokhu kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalela.

Kungakho kujwayelekile ukuqoqa ukusatshalaliswa okuthile okufana nezinga lochwepheshe (iGentoo, i-Linux Kusuka ekuqaleni, i-Slackware, i-Arch), okunganconyelwe umsebenzisi "wasemaphakathi-mfunda-makhwelo". Muva nje kube khona into ebangela ukuthambekela kokusatshalaliswa kweLinux kuphenduke kunikeze uhlelo olusebenzayo olumnandi kunoma yimuphi umsebenzisi. Noma kunjalo, okunye ukwabiwa kwabaqalayo (iLinux Mint, Ubuntu, Elementary OS, phakathi kwabanye) kuhlala kumangalisa.

Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha

Akuyona enye yezinto zokuqala okushiwo uma kukhulunywa ngokusatshalaliswa, kepha kuseyinto ebalulekile. Ezweni elizama ukuhlukaniswa "ohlelweni olucela ngokuqhubekayo izinsizakusebenza eziningi" (iWindows) bese lisahambisana nehadiwe entsha, kunesabelo sokwabiwa esivumela i-hardware ukuthi isetshenziswe kabusha (iPuppy Linux, iSlitaz, iTiny Core Linux , AUSTRUMI, Slax, Lubuntu, Xubuntu, Alcolix, Damn Small Linux, Molinux, njll). Yize amanye ama-distros, afana neLinux Mint noma i-Arch angafakwa kumakhompyutha amadala, kunomkhawulo lapho ukulahleka kohlelo kulahleka khona, ngakho-ke kukhona ukusatshalaliswa okukhethekile kwalolo hlobo lwehadiwe. Kunengqondo, ngakho-ke, ukuthi okunye kwalokhu kusatshalaliswa kunikela ukwesekwa kuzinguqulo ezingama-32 bits nama-16 bits; ukunikezwa okuthandwa kakhulu ama-32 no-64 ukwesekwa okuncane.

Ukusatshalaliswa okufana ne- I-Puppy Linux Kuyabonakala ke ukuthi akudingekile ukuthi uhlale usesikhathini ne-hardware enamandla kakhulu emakethe yamanje, kodwa isebenza ngokuphelele kumakhompyutha anezinsiza ezilula, inqobo nje uma singafaki izinhlelo ezidinga izinsiza ezeqile.

Qalisa amafomethi

Kulula: ukusatshalaliswa kuvame ukufika ngochungechunge lwamafomethi agcina ngokuchaza ingqikithi yawo. Yize i-Live CD / DVD ivame ukujwayeleka phakathi kwama-distros athandwayo, kunabanye abaningi abangasebenzisi le fomethi, beyeka ukukhipha izinhlobo ezifakiwe kuphela.

Ithuba lokuba ne-CD, i-DVD, i-Live CD / i-DVD, izindawo ezihlukile zedeskithophu ngokuzenzakalela noma amandla okufaka kusuka kwi-Intanethi, kuyinto ethonya isinqumo sabasebenzisi abaningi sokuhlola ukusatshalaliswa noma ukukusebenzisa unomphela. Siyabona futhi ukuthi kukhona ukukhishwa kwangaphambili okuvumela umphakathi ukuthi uvivinye ukwabiwa ngaphambi kokuthi kuphothulwe.

Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile afaka lezo zinguqulo zamadivayisi aphathekayo nezinye ezisabalalisa i- "Spin-Offs", lapho isibonelo esikhonkolo kunazo zonke esikaFedora, esinenguqulo ye-Games, Laboratory and Design, yize lokhu, ngombono wami, udaba lokufaka amaphakheji akhona kumakhosombe ahlukahlukene. Ekugcineni, angikhohlwa ukusatshalaliswa kokukhishwa okukhiphayo, okucacisa kwabo okucacile ukuthi Debian, Arch y Vula i-OpenSUSE, sivumela ukuvuselela isoftware nezinguqulo zesistimu ngaphandle kokwenza ukufakwa okusha noma ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa yimininingwane yomuntu siqu.

Inhloso ejwayelekile

Ukusatshalaliswa ngakunye kunenhloso ehlose ukufinyelela ngayo kubasebenzisi bayo bamanje noma abangahle babe khona. Ukusuka lapho singahlukanisa lezo eziqondene nama-laptops (afana neJoliCloud, nayo egxile ekusebenziseni efwini) kanye nalawo amaseva (I-Red Hat Linux Enterprise Ingenye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu futhi okwamanje isekelwa).

Okunye ukwabiwa kuhlose ukunakekelwa kobuhle bedeskithophu nokufana namanye amasistimu (ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuguqulwa nalawa), njengoba kunjalo I-PearOS (ngobuhle obufana ne-Mac), I-ZorinOS (okuvumelana ne-GNOME ukunikela ngemvelo efanayo kuzinguqulo ezahlukahlukene zeWindows) kanye I-ElementaryOS (ngeqoqo lezithonjana ezakhelwe ngaphakathi nokufakwa okusebenzayo ngokuzenzakalela); Lokhu kungasho ukuthi kwehlukile ezindaweni zakudala, kepha lezi zisengafakwa kulokhu kusatshalaliswa.

Lokho kusabalalisa kuhloselwe "izithameli ezithile", njenge I-Linux Yesayensi, IMusix, I-Otakux kanti abanye bengeza kuphela izinhlelo ezithile, ezibonakala zanele ngokwanele ukuthi zigqame eqenjini lonke, ngoba uhlelo lokusebenza lungafakwa kunoma yiluphi uhlelo uma ikhodi yomthombo itholakala.

Ukugqamisa futhi, kukhona okunye "okungajwayelekile", njengoba sibona ku-Globo Linux, ukusatshalaliswa okuyimodemu okuhlela izinhlelo ezifakiwe ngendlela ehlukile kokunye ukwabiwa, ukuze amafayela ohlelo olufanayo ahlangane. Izinkomba zakudala zikhona, kepha zifihliwe, ukuze kumkhombandlela wezimpande ngokuzenzakalela sibone izinkomba ezilandelayo: Izinhlelo, Abasebenzisi, Uhlelo, Amafayela, iNtaba, iDepot.

Esinye isibonelo esihle Igele, yakhiwe kusuka ekuqaleni ukuxhasa inani elikhulu kakhulu lamadivayisi akhona. Ukusatshalaliswa kunemvelo yedeskithophu ebizwa nge-Esther ebhalwe ku-GTK + nange-Webkit njengenjini yokunikezela.

Njengokuvalwa kwaleli nothi, ngithanda ukugqamisa isici okuthi ngombono wami nakho kuyinto edlulele ehlukanisa ukwabiwa: umphakathi ozungeze ukusatshalaliswa ngakunye kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwalokhu. Kunezibonelo eziningi lapho izinqumo zomphakathi noma ukungazibeki kwazo kubeka inkambo (yokuphumelela noma ukwehluleka) kokwakhiwa kokusatshalaliswa, futhi kulapho abathuthukisi kufanele banakekele futhi banakekele khona. Kwakukhona nezimo lapho umsebenzisi ashiye khona i-distro ngokungabi nezinkinga noma ukungabaza lapho umphakathi ubungazi ukuthi ungaphendula kanjani noma unikeze usizo; yingakho isithombe somphakathi, yize sihambisana nohlelo lokusebenza kanjalo, siqhubeka nokudlala indima enkulu ekuqhakambiseni ukusatshalaliswa okukodwa ngaphezu kokunye.

Ekugcineni, ungakhohlwa ukufunda isigaba “Ukusatshalaliswa”Kule blog, equkethe imininingwane ewusizo kakhulu kwabasanda kufika.