Dzidziso yeBash

0. Indekisi

1. Zvinhu zvinoitika kuvanhu vazhinji
2. Maumbirwo echinyorwa
3. Dhinda pachiratidziri
4. Verenga mushandisi INPUT
5. Kuverenga mu bash
6. Mamiriro ezvinhu
7. Zvishwe
8. Mabasa
9. getops

1. Zvinhu zvinoitika kuvanhu vazhinji

/ bin / bash kana / bin / sh

Chimwe chezvinhu zvekutanga zvinoitwa nemuchina kana uchiita chinyorwa chedu chiri kutarisa kuti inofanira kuzviita nepi shell Pane mazhinji aripo linux masisitimu / bin / sh chinongedzo ku / bin / bash, asi izvi hazviwanzo kuitika, semuenzaniso mukugovera kunoshandisa busy box uyai Sh uye kazhinji vanouyawo nazvo Bash, asi kana iwe ukashandisa / bin / sh, haimhanye neBash. Ndokusaka ini ndichikurudzira kugara uchishandisa / bin / bash.

Unicode vs. ASCII

Wati wamboshamisika here kuti nei usingakwanise kushandisa "¿" kana "ñ" mune ako zvinyorwa? Kana kushandisa maaccents? Inogona kuve inotsamwisa mune yekudyidzana zvinyorwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kusarudzika encoding kweBash ndeye ASCII, kana chii chakafanana, chimiro cheChirungu chakaiswa. Kuti tichinje iyo isu tinongofanirwa kutaurira yedu script kuti tinoda kushandisa Unicode. Nezve izvo iwe unofanirwa kuwedzera tambo uchingove mushure mekuraira muturikiri:

# - * - KUSVIRA: UTF-8 - * -

Ive nekuchenjerera, zvakakosha kuti uyu mutsetse uri pakutanga kwechinyorwa.

Ita kuti script ishandiswe

Zvinoseka kuti vangani vanhu vanomhanya zvinyorwa ne «$ bashscript.sh" panzvimbo ye "$ ./script.sh»Shure kwezvose, ndizvo zvatakatsanangurira Shell.

Kuwedzera mvumo yekuuraya, iwe unofanirwa kuita:

sudo + x script.sh

BIN = "dhairekitori kwatina zvinyorwa" PATH = "$ BIN $ PATH"

2. Maumbirwo echinyorwa

1. Musoro webhodi
2. Tsananguro yezvakasiyana zvepasirese
3. Rubatsiro
4. Mabasa
5. Muviri mukuru

Musoro ndipo patinoratidza kuti ndeipi Shell yatinoda kushandisa uye encoding. Kubatsira kwemabasa ndiko kushandisa zvekare kodhi inodzokororwa nekuinyora kamwe chete uye kuita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa script, yekodhi inodarika mitsara zana inobatsira kwazvo.

Kuti ushandise mashandiro, iwo anofanirwa kutsanangurwa pamberi pemuviri mukuru wescript yedu. Uye kana isu tichida kushandisa zvinoshanduka padanho repasirese rechinyorwa chedu chese, zvese mumuviri mukuru uye mumabasa, tinofanira kuzvitsanangura pakutanga kwechinhu chose, mushure memusoro chete.

Chekupedzisira, yakanaka tsika yekunyora yekubatsira basa rekuti kana yedu script inomhanya zvakashata kana ine yakaipa parameter. Zviripachena, mune izvo zviitiko isu tinoda kubuda script ipapo, tisinga verenge mabasa. Nezve izvo isu zvatinogona kushandisa:

basa rubatsiro () {echo "" "Yedu yakanyatsorongedzwa rubatsiro mavara." "" buda kana [[-z $ 1 || $ 1 == "-h" || $ 1 == "--help"]]; ndokubatsira fi

Kana isu tikawedzera "kubuda" kune yekubatsira basa, isu tinobuda script nguva dzese patinomhanya nerubatsiro, semuenzaniso mushure mekukanganisa mameseji, nezvimwe. Isu tinochengetedza mashoma mitsara yekodhi.

Mamiriro acho anoratidza kuratidzwa rubatsiro pachiratidziri uye kubuda kana script ikamhanya isina paramita kana if -h / –help yakatsanangurwa. Kana iwe ukatarisa ndiwo maitiro akajairwa ezvizhinji zvemalinux zvirongwa.

3. Dhinda pascreen

Pane mirairo miviri mikuru yekudhinda ku screen mu bash: «echo»Uye«kudhinda«. Ivo vaviri vari nekukurumidza uye vese vari chikamu che bash. Musiyano mukuru weanotanga ndeyekuti echo inowedzera mutsara mutsva kumagumo, nepo «kudhinda»Hazviiti.

Echo yakanaka kwazvo uye ndizvo zvinoshandiswa nevanhu vazhinji, zvisinei kana uchiverenga INPUT yemushandisi, kana kana iwe uchida kupurinda akasiyana akatorwa kubva kumafaira nekugadziriswa kweshoko, zvinhu zvisinganzwisisike zvinogona kuitika. Iwo anowanzo gadziriswa zviri nyore, sezviri nyore sekushandura makotesheni maviri kuita asina kuroorwa kana zvinopesana, kana kutora mareferenzi akasiyana kubva mune akatorwa. «ungira»Zvinoita zvinhu zvisinganzwisisike zvakare zvichienderana nemabatirwo avakaitwa, kana tichigara tichishandisa Ubuntu kana nguva dzose Fedora, hazvitikanganisa, asi kana tikachinja kugovera zvinoita.

Ndokusaka ndichishandisa «kudhinda«, Izvo zvisingandipe kutemwa nemusoro uye zvakare kuzvibata senge«kudhinda»Kubva C kana iyo«dhinda»YePython, izvo zvakakosha kwazvo kana iwe uchizomboda kuisa script yako kune mumwe mutauro chirongwa.

4. Verenga mushandisi INPUT

Zvese zvatinonyora mushure mezita redu rechinyorwa uye tisati tarova ENTER kiyi zvinongochengetedzwa otomatiki mumhando dzakasiyana. Aya misiyano ndeye mhando $ X uko X iri nhamba.

«$0»Inoratidza zita re script yedu uye kubva ku«$1»Kusingaperi zvinhu zvese zvatakanyora gare gare zvinosiyana Semuyenzaniso:

katsi << EOF >> test.sh #! / bin / bash # - * - ENCODING: UTF-8 - * - printf "\ $ 0 = $ 0 \ n" printf "\ $ 1 = $ 1 \ n" printf "\ $ 2 = $ 2 \ n" EOF chmod + x script.sh ./script.sh yangu faira.txt

Isu tinogadzira script yekuyedza, tinoita kuti ishandiswe, uye unomhanya nayo nemaviri parameter. Isu tinowana iyo skrini inoburitsa ye:

$ 0 = ./script.sh $ 1 = yangu $ 2 = faira.txt

Tichishandisa makotesheni taigona kupfuudza "yangu faira.txt" kuenda ku "$ 1".

Tinogona zvakare kuverenga iyo INPUT yemushandisi iine "verenga" kuraira, zvichiratidza zvakananga musiyano kwatinoda kusevha paramende. Semuyenzaniso:

printf "Zita rako ndiani? \ n" verenga NAME printf "Mhoro, $ NAME. \ n"

5. Kuverenga muBash

Nezve izvo isu tinogona kushandisa «express«Chero bedzi isu tisingade kuita kuverenga kwakaomarara. Zvinhu zviviri zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa, yekutanga ndeyekuti «express»Inongobvuma manhamba akazara, chechipiri ndechekuti kupatsanurana kunodzosera mhedzisiro yese, kuti tione zvakasara zvatinogona kushandisa«%".

Kazhinji isu tinoda kupa mhedzisiro yeexp kune musiyano. Tinogona kuzviita munzira mbiri:

VAR2 = `expr $ VAR1 / 10` VAR2 = $ (expr $ VAR1 / 100)

Iwe unogona zvakare kutsika «express»Uchishandisa zvakapetwa zviviri:

VAR2 = $ (($ VAR1 / 100))

6 Mamiriro

Izvo zvakatove zvakanyorwa nenzira yakakura kwazvo nezve «if«,«mumwe«,«elif»Uye mamiriro. Unogona kuverenga nezvazvo mu:

• Kugadzira mu bash: chikamu 1
• Bhash: kana, saka, zvimwe mamiriro
• Tarisa uone kana faira kana dhairekitori riripo kana kuti kwete uye nekuwedzera uine if loop
• Kugadzira mu bash: chikamu 2

Ini ndinongoda kuratidza musiyano uripo pakati pekushandiswa kwemabhureki akareruka mabhureki, «[]«, Uye mabhureki maviri,«[[]]«, Zvemamiriro. Nemabhuraketi maviri tinogona kushandisa mamwe mamiriro:

• «&&»For uye
• «||»Kune kana

Kushandisa "&&»Uye«||»Nemabhureki akareruka, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kupatsanurwa mumabhureki akaparadzana. Muenzaniso unoshandiswa kwechikamu chegwaro rinotarisa kuti uone kana rubatsiro ruchida kuitwa runogona kuva:

kana [-z "$ 1"] || ["$ 1" == "-h"] || ["$ 1" == "--help"]]; ndokubatsira fi

Izvo zvinotiponesa kubva pakuve nekunyora mazita anoshanduka mumakotesheni kudzivirira zvikanganiso. Semuyenzaniso:

kana [$ 1 = 1]; wobva printf "Iyo paramende yakaenzana na1"; fi kana ["$ 1" = 1]; wobva printf "Iyo paramende yakaenzana na1"; fi kana [[$ 1 = 1]]; wobva printf "Iyo paramende yakaenzana na1"; fi

Kana script.sh inomhanya isina chero paramita, yekutanga kesi yaizopa kukanganisa:

bash: [: =: unary mushandi anotarisirwa

Izvo zvisina kutaurwa nezvazvo ndezva «mhosva«, Iyo inoshandiswa kurerutsa«if«. Ngatitangei pakutanga, patinenge tisina chero «if»Yese kodhi ichaitwa. Kana isu tikawedzera mamiriro «if»Tichava nematare maviri, imwe umo kodhi yekodhi iri mukati me«if»Uye imwe nyaya apo ichi block hachiurayiwe.

Kana tikawedzera «mumwe«Tichavawo nemakesi maviri, asi aya maviri kesi akasiyana neakare apfuura. Nekuti ikozvino pachave nemamiriro maviri emakodhi anovhara, A uye B, uye C block, inova ndiyo yakasara chirongwa. A kana B achaurayiwa, uye C. Muchiitiko chakapfuura aive A naC kana C chete.

Kudzivirira kunyora mamiriro «kana / zvimwe"mukati"mumwe»Uye kurerutsa kuverenga kwekodhi, yakagadzirwa«elif«. Kana isu paine akawanda mamiriro anoenderana neakamberi, semuenzaniso huwandu hwenhamba kana mhando:

VAR1 = $ 1 kana [[$ VAR1 = 1]]; ipapo printf "1 \ n" elif [[$ VAR1 = 2]]; ipapo printf "2 \ n" elif [[$ VAR1 = 3]]; wobva wadhinda "3 \ n" zvimwe printf "hapana \ n" fi

Kana iri yekupedzisira «elif»Mamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji achaverengerwa. Nemamiriro ezvinhu maitiro aya akagadziriswa.

VAR1 = $ 1 kesi $ VAR muna 1) printf "1 \ n" ;; 2) kupurinda "2 \ n" ;; 3 | 4) printf "3 kana 4, zvinoenderana \ n" ;; *) printf "hapana \ n" ;; C uyo

Musiyano uchaverengerwa, mune iyi nyaya VAR1, uye ichaonekwa kana yakaenzana nechero nyaya, kana zvisiri, iyo default kesi "*" ichaitwa. Semicoloni mbiri dzakaenzana ne «zororo«, Vanotaurira«mhosva»Izvo zvinofanirwa kupera.

7. zvishwe

Akashoma zvishwe anozivikanwa mune chero epurogiramu mitauro. MuBash ivo vari «apo«,«kusvikira»Uye«nokuti«. Izvo zvakatove zvakanyorwa mu blog nezve izvi:

• Kugadzira mu bash: chikamu 1
• Kugadzirira muBhash: chikamu2

Kune mhando mbiri dzezvirukwa «nokuti«, Izvo zviri zvemhando«$ yeVAR muLOQUESEA»Uye ndeapi erudzi C«$ ye ((I = 0; I <= 10; I ++))«. Rudzi rwechipiri rwezvirukwa «nokuti»Inobatsira kwazvo, ine zvikamu zvitatu pakutanga kwechiuno.

• Kuzivisa uye kutanga kweanoshanduka (Mune ino kesi anobatsira anoshandura "I = 0").
• Maitiro ekuurayiwa (kusvikira ini ndadarika kana kuenzana negumi).
• Kuwedzera kwekusiyana kwekubatsira

Mune mawonero angu ndicho chiuno chine simba kupfuura zvese. Semuenzaniso, inodhinda manhamba ese kubva pa0 kusvika gumi, inosanganisira:

#! / bin / bash ye ((I = 0; I <= 10; Ini ++)); ita printf "$ I \ n" zvaitwa

8. Mabasa

Pane zvimwe zvinhu izvo Bhash isingatibvumidze kuti tiite, handiti? Pakutanga kuona, bash mabasa anokudzivirira kubva pakuita zvinhu zvitatu: kuzivisa misiyano yemuno mumabasa, kupfuudza paramita kumabasa, uye kudzorera paramende. Zvese zvine mhinduro.

Usaite chero chinhu senge:

#! / bin / bash VAR = 1 printc "$ VAR \ n" basa hello () {VAR = 2 printf "$ VAR \ n"} hello printf "$ VAR \ n"

Izvi zvinoprinda ku screen 1, 2 uye 2.

Kuti uzive akasiyana emuno, wedzera «zvomunharaunda»Kana uchizivisa:

#! / bin / bash VAR = 1 printf "$ VAR1 \ n" basa foo () {yemuno VAR1 = 2 printf "$ VAR1 \ n"} printf "$ VAR1 \ n" foo printf "$ VAR1 \ n"

Izvi zvinodhindisa 1, 1, 2, 1 pachiratidziri.

Uno pasa sei paramita kune basa?

#! / bin / bash # - * - ENCODING: UTF-8 - * - basa hello () {printf "Mhoro $ 1 \ n"}

printf "Zita rako ndiani? \ n"
verenga VAR1
Mhoro $ VAR1

Paramita dzinodzoserwa sei?

#! / bin / bash # - * - ENCODING: UTF-8 - * - function hello () {printf "Hello holita"} printf "Unonzi ani zita? \ n" verenga VAR1 VAR1 = $ (hello) # HERE ZVAKO printf "$ VAR1 $ VAR2 \ n"

Sezvauri kuona, izvi zvine zvipingaidzo zviviri, unogona chete kudzosa paramende imwe, inogona kuve vector 😀, uye kana iwe uchida kudzorera paramende, haugone kudhinda pachiratidziri kubva pane iro basa.

9. Getops

Chimwe chezvinhu zvekupedzisira zvaunofanira kuziva nezve Bash kugadzira zvinyorwa zvakaoma ndeye «getops«. Iyo inoshandiswa kupfuudza sarudzo kune iyo script zvisinei neodha. Iyo chete yekudzikira ndeyekuti inongobata pfupi mapfupi sarudzo:

#! / bin / bash # - * - ENCODING: UTF-8 - * - VARC = 0 basa rekubatsira () {printf "Rubatsiro meseji \ n" kubuda} kana [[-z $ 1]]; wobva wabatsira fi uchinge watora: ha: b: c OPT; ita $ OPT mu h) rubatsiro ;; :) rubatsiro ;; a) VARA = $ OPTARG ;; b) VARB = $ OPTARG ;; c) VARC = 1 ;; \?) rubatsiro ;; esac yaitwa # Main block yechinyorwa icho # chinoita zvinhu neVARA, VARB uye VARC

«getopts»Inoverenga sarudzo imwe neimwe, saka chiuno chinodiwa.

Kune maviri marudzi esarudzo anogona kupfuudzwa uchishandisa «getopts":

• Maparamende anonzi mireza, mune ino kesi -c kana -h. Dzinotsanangurwa netsamba yatinoda kushandisa. Ivo vakaita sezvakasiyana zveBoolean, «zvechokwadi»(Vari) kana«venhema"(Havapo pano).
• Maparamende ane dzakabatana nharo, -a chero chinhu, -b chero chinhu. Dzinotsanangurwa netsamba yatinoda nekoloni pazasi. Iyo nharo yakachengetwa muOTTARG (iri zita harichinjiki).

Ino script inoitei?

Inotaridza meseji yekubatsira kana pasina sarudzo yapfuudzwa, kana iyo "-h" paramende ikapasiswa, kana pasiri pamutemo paramende ikapasiswa (semuenzaniso "-x", izvi zvinoitwa na "\?") Kana kana paramende inoshanda isina nharo (":"). Mune dzimwe nyaya dzese inochengetedza kuvepo kwe "-c" se1 muVARC, uye hunhu hwakapasiswa na "-a" Uye "-b" muVARA neVARB.