Izimvume ze-Linux zabaPhathi BeSistimu Nonjiniyela

Ukukhishwa kwezimvume ku-Linux nokusetshenziswa kwayo okulungile ngomyalo we- "chmod" kuyinto evame ukuvezwa futhi kuxoxwe ngayo emiphakathini ye-SL. ngabasebenzisi abathuthukile, ochwepheshe kanye nabaphathi bamaseva nezinhlelo. Isibonelo ku-Blog yethu sinezincwadi ezi-2 ezinhle kakhulu ngayo, okuyi: Izimvume namalungelo ku-Linux (01/12) y Izimvume eziyisisekelo ku-GNU / Linux nge-chmod (08/16).

Kepha izikhathi eziningi Abathuthukisi be-SW obani abakha i-Applications and Systems, iningi labo amaSystem namawebhusayithi, Lapho bezithuthukisa, abajwayele ukubheka ukuthi yiziphi izimvume ezifanele ukusetshenziswa kuzo, kushiya umsebenzi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ngasohlangothini lwe-Server and System Administrators. Kule ncwadi sizozama ukunikeza ukuma okuncane ngayo.

Isingeniso

Umyalo "chmod»Iwusizo kakhulu futhi ibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuthuthukile kwe-Linux-based Operating Systems. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i- "chmod" enjalo ingeyona iphakethe elizimele, kepha ihlanganiswe nephakeji "ama-coreutils«. Iphakheji le- "coreutils" yiphakeji enikeza iSistimu Yokusebenza ngamathuluzi amaningi ayisisekelo okuphathwa kwamafayela, abahumushi bomyalo, nokuqhutshwa kwamagama. Futhi ngokujwayelekile, isivele ifakiwe ngokuzenzakalela kuma-Linux Distros amaningi.

Ngokuqondile, leli phakheji liqukethe, ngokungeziwe kumyalo we- "chmod", imiyalo elandelayo: I-arch base64 basename ikati chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp csplit cut day dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr factor false false fmt fold groups head head host id id install join link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nicec noh noh numh noh noh no od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink realpath rm rmdir runcon sha * sum seq shred sleep sort split stat stty sum sync tac tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand uniq unlink users vdir wc who whoami yebo.

Ngokufingqa, umyalo we- «chmod» uvumela umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokuphatha izimvume kumafayela namafolda kubo bonke abasebenzisi abaphethwe yi-Operating System. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iLinux njengohlelo olusebenzisayo lunabasebenzisi abaningi, ngakho-ke, idinga ukuhlinzeka indawo yokusebenza nohlelo lwemvume ukulawula isethi yemisebenzi egunyaziwe kumafayela nezinkomba, okubandakanya zonke izinsiza zohlelo namadivayisi.

Okuqukethwe

Sebenzisa Konjiniyela be-SW

I-Server and Systems Administrator (i-Sysadmin) lapho ithatha isinqumo sokuthi yiziphi izimvume zokunikeza Umsebenzisi we-X noma iphrofayili kufayela le-X noma kufolda, idinga ukwazi kahle ukuthi hlobo luni lokusebenza noma izinqubo ezidinga ukuzenza kuzo. Endabeni yeServer Web, Abasebenzisi bangahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezi-2:

1. Abasebenzisi Bokuphatha: Abane-akhawunti yomsebenzisi kuseva ukungena ngemvume, babe namalungelo athile, futhi ngubani owenza izinguquko ezithile (ukukopisha / ukususa / ukuguqula) ku-System noma kwiWebhusayithi efakwe nge-SSH noma i-SFTP, ngokwesibonelo.
2. Abasebenzisi Abangewona Abaphathi: Ukuthi abanayo i-akhawunti yomsebenzisi kuseva, ngoba bamane bangabavakashi beSayithi neWebhu System. Futhi-ke, abanazo izimvume zokufinyelela amafayela namafolda ngqo, kepha kunalokho basebenzisana nabo, ngokusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi sewebhu seSayithi noma i-Web System efakiwe.

Kodwa-ke, lapho iSysadmin ingatholi ngokwanele noma ngokwanele imininingwane, imibhalo, noma ukusekelwa ngabathuthukisi be-SW ngamakhono, ukusebenza noma isakhiwo sefayela lamaSayithi weWebhu nezinhlelo ezizofakwa kugcina sekwenziwa isilinganiso esinokwethenjelwa, esivame kulokhu:

chmod 777 -R /var/www/sistema-web

Futhi izikhathi eziningi kugcina ngo:

chown root:root -R /var/www/sistema-web

Isixwayiso

Lokhu ngokuvamile kungumkhuba omubi, kepha kuvame ukugwema noma iyiphi inkinga yemvume nokwenziwa okungalungile kwamaSayithi weWebhu nezinhlelo ezifakiwe. Umkhuba omubi, kusukela lapho umyalo chmod 777 wenziwa ngale ndlela kufolda namafayela weSayithi noma iWebhu System, akukho ukuphepha nhlobo ngakho.

Ukwenza ukuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzisi weSayithi noma weWebhu eku-inthanethi akwazi ukushintsha noma asuse noma yiliphi ifayela ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sefayela leSayithi noma i-Web System ngaphakathi kweWeb Server noma ngale, ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezinkulu. Njengoba kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi yi-Web Server esebenza egameni labasebenzisi abavakashile, nokuthi iyakwazi ukuguqula amafayela afanayo asetshenziswayo.

Futhi uma kwenzeka umsebenzisi engumhlaseli, futhi ethola ukuba sengozini okuthile kuSayithi noma kuWebhu System, angayisebenzisa kalula ukuze ayilimaze, ayikhubaze, noma okubi nakakhulu, faka ikhodi enonya ukwenza ukuhlaselwa kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, noma ukweba imininingwane kusuka kuseva ngaphandle kokwazi noma ubani kalula.

Izincomo

Ukugwema lezi zinhlobo zezinyathelo, noma I-Sysadmin noma i-SW Developer, kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi amafolda namafayela amaSystem noma amawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene aphethe izimvume nabasebenzisi abalungile nabadingekayo ukugwema izingqinamba zokuphepha nezangasese ezizayo.

Ezingeni lemvume, le miyalo emi-3 elandelayo ingenziwa ukubuyisela izimvume nabasebenzisi boHlelo olufakiwe noma iWebhusayithi kokujwayelekile.Lokho okungukuthi, setha inani elingu-755 kuzo zonke izinkomba bese u-644 uwafaka kumafayela.

Ngikhumbula njalo ukuyenza ngaphakathi kwefolda yeSistimu noma yeWebhusayithi, ngoba uma zenziwa kufolda ephezulu (umkhombandlela), njenge, isibonelo, impande yeseva, imiyalo yomyalo izophinda iphinde iguqule zonke izimvume zeSeva, ishiye kungenzeka ukuthi ayisebenzi.

Izibonelo

Izikhombisi-ndlela nezimvume zamafayela

find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;

find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;

y

chmod 777 -R .

o

chmod 777 -R /var/www/sistema-web

Uma ungaphandle kwefolda (umkhombandlela) woHlelo noma Iwebhusayithi.

Abasebenzisi bohlelo noma bewebhusayithi

chown www-data:www-data -R .

o

chown www-data:www-data -R /var/www/sistema-web

Uma ungaphandle kwefolda (umkhombandlela) woHlelo noma Iwebhusayithi. Futhi i-www-data yomsebenzisi isetshenziswa kuphela njengesibonelo, ngoba iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu noma efanelekile ngokusetshenziswa kwe-Apache2.

Lapho nje kwenziwe izinguquko zezimvume, singaqhubeka nokushintsha izimvume zezinkomba namafayela esifuna ukuba nezimvume ezihlukile ngesandla. Futhi uma kunesidingo futhi sokushintsha abasebenzisi bomnikazi walabo abadingekayo. Ngakho-ke, kuleli phuzu, bobabili iSysadmin kanye nabathuthukisi be-SW kumele bavumelane ngokuthi izimvume ezidingekayo kufanele zibe yini kwifolda ngayinye kanye nefayela kuhlelo lweSistimu noma lweWebhusayithi.

Isiphetho

Ukuphathwa kwezimvume kumafayela namafolda ezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Linux noma ze-UNIX, kungenye yezinzuzo ezinkulu nezinzuzo ezifanayo, ngoba zivumela ukulawula okungcono, okuqondile nokuphephile kwamazinga ahlukene wokufinyelela, ukukhishwa nokwenziwa kumafayela namafolda.

Futhi okuningi, uma kukhulunywa ngezinga lamaSeva weWebhu, okungukuthi, lapho kusingathwa khona amaSystem noma amawebhusayithi wangaphakathi nangaphandle weNhlangano, ngoba kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izimvume okufanele zinikezwe enkombeni ngayinye noma kufayili, ukufeza ibhalansi enhle phakathi kobumfihlo, ukuphepha nokusebenza.